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<p>The problem of soft and dripping oil paint in mid-20th-century paintings was investigated using high-resolution direct temperature-resolved mass spectrometry (DTMS) and multivariate data analysis techniques. Nineteen paintings by Asger Jorn, Karel Appel, Pierre Alechinsky and Jean-Paul Riopelle were examined, and selected areas were tested for material properties and water sensitivity. Samples were taken from these areas and subjected to DTMS, and the data collected were analysed with principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). PCA loadings showed grouping of variables belonging to similar chemical structures, but the scores showed only clear clustering of samples classified as solid and healthy. The other categories showed large variability in chemical composition. No clustering on water sensitivity was found. With PLS-DA, chemical markers were detected for the solid and healthy samples that are correlated to the presence of fish oil. Further investigation showed strong indications for the presence of chemical components related to fish oil in many samples from the other categories as well. Earlier hypotheses on the issue of soft and dripping oil paint, based on observations on a single or small group of paintings, could not be confirmed. In this study, it was also shown that using low resolution DTMS may lead to incorrect conclusions, because different chemical components with the same nominal mass can be anti-correlated.</p>

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Multivariate analysis of DTMS data for elucidating the chemistry behind soft and dripping paint

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月12日

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  • Onno de Noord,
  • Wim Genuit,
  • Ida Bronken

摘要

The problem of soft and dripping oil paint in mid-20th-century paintings was investigated using high-resolution direct temperature-resolved mass spectrometry (DTMS) and multivariate data analysis techniques. Nineteen paintings by Asger Jorn, Karel Appel, Pierre Alechinsky and Jean-Paul Riopelle were examined, and selected areas were tested for material properties and water sensitivity. Samples were taken from these areas and subjected to DTMS, and the data collected were analysed with principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). PCA loadings showed grouping of variables belonging to similar chemical structures, but the scores showed only clear clustering of samples classified as solid and healthy. The other categories showed large variability in chemical composition. No clustering on water sensitivity was found. With PLS-DA, chemical markers were detected for the solid and healthy samples that are correlated to the presence of fish oil. Further investigation showed strong indications for the presence of chemical components related to fish oil in many samples from the other categories as well. Earlier hypotheses on the issue of soft and dripping oil paint, based on observations on a single or small group of paintings, could not be confirmed. In this study, it was also shown that using low resolution DTMS may lead to incorrect conclusions, because different chemical components with the same nominal mass can be anti-correlated.