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<p>Aspergillus species are widespread and contaminate crops with carcinogenic aflatoxins that pose a danger to food safety and public health. Most methods presently employed in antifungal control are either expensive chemicals or environmentally unfriendly chemicals. The study tested aqueous extracts from leaves, flowers, and mericarps of <i>Alcea damascena</i>, phenol-rich plant extracts with antioxidant and antifungal potential against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Aqueous extracts were obtained through Soxhlet extraction, Folin–Ciocalteau was used to quantify total phenolics, DPPH assay for assessing IC50 values antioxidant activity, antifungal effects tested through poisoned food method (growth halo diameter, spore count), microdilution for MIC and subculturing for MFC on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Topsin served as positive control; data analyzed by one-way ANOVA (<i>P</i> &lt; <i>0.01</i>). The strongest DPPH scavenging activity was for leaf extracts (IC<sub>50</sub> 0.18 ± 0.01&#xa0;mg/mL) although flowers (0.22 ± 0.01&#xa0;mg/mL) and mericarps (0.21 ± 0.02&#xa0;mg/mL) were also relevant. Ascorbic acid was 0.04 ± 0.01&#xa0;mg/mL. Extracts showed minimal (6.66% and 2.5%) or no inhibition of mycelial radial growth, often stimulating growth instead, likely due to fungal resistance and nutrient utilization from extract components, but reduced spores counts 79% (leaves vs. <i>A. flavus</i> at 400&#xa0;mg/mL). MIC were 62.5–250&#xa0;mg/mL (<i>A. flavus)</i> and 250–500&#xa0;mg/mL (<i>A. niger</i>). Most had an MFC match, denoting fungicidal action. Liquid media improve efficacy compared to solid. In liquid medium, the extracts exhibited strong fungicidal activity, with MIC values ranging from 31.25 to 250&#xa0;mg/mL for A. flavus and 250–500&#xa0;mg/mL for A. niger, indicating true fungicidal rather than merely fungistatic effects. Extracts of <i>Alcea damascena</i> show significant antioxidant activity and fungicidal effects even at low concentrations on Aspergillus spores, but mycelial resistance limits radial growth inhibition. Thus, the eco-friendly biocontrol agents of aflatoxigenic fungi are supported by these findings.</p>

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Evaluation of the biological activity of phenol-rich aqueous extracts of Alcea damascena as antioxidants and inhibitors of aspergillus fungal growth

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月26日

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  • Noor Aljojo,
  • Abdulkarim Dakah,
  • Randa Abo Tara,
  • Ahed Abou younes

摘要

Aspergillus species are widespread and contaminate crops with carcinogenic aflatoxins that pose a danger to food safety and public health. Most methods presently employed in antifungal control are either expensive chemicals or environmentally unfriendly chemicals. The study tested aqueous extracts from leaves, flowers, and mericarps of Alcea damascena, phenol-rich plant extracts with antioxidant and antifungal potential against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Aqueous extracts were obtained through Soxhlet extraction, Folin–Ciocalteau was used to quantify total phenolics, DPPH assay for assessing IC50 values antioxidant activity, antifungal effects tested through poisoned food method (growth halo diameter, spore count), microdilution for MIC and subculturing for MFC on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Topsin served as positive control; data analyzed by one-way ANOVA (P < 0.01). The strongest DPPH scavenging activity was for leaf extracts (IC50 0.18 ± 0.01 mg/mL) although flowers (0.22 ± 0.01 mg/mL) and mericarps (0.21 ± 0.02 mg/mL) were also relevant. Ascorbic acid was 0.04 ± 0.01 mg/mL. Extracts showed minimal (6.66% and 2.5%) or no inhibition of mycelial radial growth, often stimulating growth instead, likely due to fungal resistance and nutrient utilization from extract components, but reduced spores counts 79% (leaves vs. A. flavus at 400 mg/mL). MIC were 62.5–250 mg/mL (A. flavus) and 250–500 mg/mL (A. niger). Most had an MFC match, denoting fungicidal action. Liquid media improve efficacy compared to solid. In liquid medium, the extracts exhibited strong fungicidal activity, with MIC values ranging from 31.25 to 250 mg/mL for A. flavus and 250–500 mg/mL for A. niger, indicating true fungicidal rather than merely fungistatic effects. Extracts of Alcea damascena show significant antioxidant activity and fungicidal effects even at low concentrations on Aspergillus spores, but mycelial resistance limits radial growth inhibition. Thus, the eco-friendly biocontrol agents of aflatoxigenic fungi are supported by these findings.