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<p>Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in supply chains, commonly reported as Scope 3 emissions in corporate GHG accounting, are challenging to manage and assess in terms of magnitude and significance, which are critical for decision-making and mitigation across supply chains, particularly in many developing countries where accounting remains limited. This study develops Thailand-specific emission factors (EFs) for spend-based Scope 3 accounting aligned with the GHG Protocol and examines their emission structures and mitigation pathways. The calculation relies on an Environmentally Extended Input–Output (EEIO) model, followed by adjustments from producer prices to purchaser prices to improve practical applicability. The results show that indirect-upstream emissions dominate most top emitters, whereas direct emissions dominate key upstream sectors. Electricity and Petroleum and natural gas are the most influential upstream sectors. Between 2015 and 2021, Metals and machinery and Construction improved, whereas Food processing and most key upstream sectors increased. Mitigation efforts should prioritize key upstream sectors to achieve economy-wide benefits and support integrated value-chain measures for Thailand’s low-carbon transition.</p>

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Greenhouse gas mitigation pathways and emission factor development in Thailand’s economy: an environmentally extended input–output-based comparative study, 2015–2021

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月12日

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  • Prawdown Udol,
  • Viganda Varabuntoonvit

摘要

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in supply chains, commonly reported as Scope 3 emissions in corporate GHG accounting, are challenging to manage and assess in terms of magnitude and significance, which are critical for decision-making and mitigation across supply chains, particularly in many developing countries where accounting remains limited. This study develops Thailand-specific emission factors (EFs) for spend-based Scope 3 accounting aligned with the GHG Protocol and examines their emission structures and mitigation pathways. The calculation relies on an Environmentally Extended Input–Output (EEIO) model, followed by adjustments from producer prices to purchaser prices to improve practical applicability. The results show that indirect-upstream emissions dominate most top emitters, whereas direct emissions dominate key upstream sectors. Electricity and Petroleum and natural gas are the most influential upstream sectors. Between 2015 and 2021, Metals and machinery and Construction improved, whereas Food processing and most key upstream sectors increased. Mitigation efforts should prioritize key upstream sectors to achieve economy-wide benefits and support integrated value-chain measures for Thailand’s low-carbon transition.