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<p>This study reports the development and mechanical performance of sustainable epoxy-based biocomposites reinforced with hybrid fillers (eggshell and wastepaper particulates) from agricultural and paper waste streams. The hybridization approach integrates the rigidity of calcium carbonate–rich eggshell particles with the cellulose reinforcement of wastepaper fibers to enhance mechanical and tribological performance. Results revealed composites fabricated with up to 10 wt% total filler content exhibited a substantial improvement in strength, hardness, and wear resistance, with optimal performance at 6 wt% showing over 40% enhancement in tensile and flexural strength relative to neat epoxy. SEM analysis confirmed uniform filler dispersion, strong interfacial bonding, and limited microvoids at this optimal loading. Higher filler content led to agglomeration, interfacial debonding, and particle pull-out, reducing composite performance. These hybrid biocomposites demonstrate promising potential for sustainable structural and non-load-bearing biomedical-related applications, such as prosthetic shells, splints, and medical support components. However, these applications remain preliminary, and further studies including biocompatibility, cytotoxicity, and sterilization assessments will be conducted to validate their suitability for biomedical use. Overall, the study advances sustainable material design by coupling waste utilization with enhanced composite performance, aligning with global circular economy and environmental stewardship goals.</p>

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Mechanical properties of eggshell and paper-based epoxy hybrid bio-composites: a study toward biomedical applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月6日

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  • Isiaka O. Oladele,
  • Omobukunola H. Nisau,
  • Samuel O. Falana,
  • Linus N. Onuh,
  • Niraj P. Atale,
  • Oluwanifemi O. Onikanni

摘要

This study reports the development and mechanical performance of sustainable epoxy-based biocomposites reinforced with hybrid fillers (eggshell and wastepaper particulates) from agricultural and paper waste streams. The hybridization approach integrates the rigidity of calcium carbonate–rich eggshell particles with the cellulose reinforcement of wastepaper fibers to enhance mechanical and tribological performance. Results revealed composites fabricated with up to 10 wt% total filler content exhibited a substantial improvement in strength, hardness, and wear resistance, with optimal performance at 6 wt% showing over 40% enhancement in tensile and flexural strength relative to neat epoxy. SEM analysis confirmed uniform filler dispersion, strong interfacial bonding, and limited microvoids at this optimal loading. Higher filler content led to agglomeration, interfacial debonding, and particle pull-out, reducing composite performance. These hybrid biocomposites demonstrate promising potential for sustainable structural and non-load-bearing biomedical-related applications, such as prosthetic shells, splints, and medical support components. However, these applications remain preliminary, and further studies including biocompatibility, cytotoxicity, and sterilization assessments will be conducted to validate their suitability for biomedical use. Overall, the study advances sustainable material design by coupling waste utilization with enhanced composite performance, aligning with global circular economy and environmental stewardship goals.