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<p>Although the gradual ban of leaded fuels has reduced the intensity of lead pollution, industrial airborne lead remains a widespread and potent poison that exacts a gigantic toll on global health through neurodevelopmental toxicity and cardiovascular death. Current lead emission baselines are dominated by smelting, recycling, and waste treatment, for which the adoption of cutting-edge control technologies will be essential to achieve very stringent air quality criteria. Achieving these limits is complicated by the chemical and physical heterogeneity of Pb emissions: coarse Pb-bearing dust, submicron volatilized fumes that condense during cooling, and volatile organoleads can co-exist and interconvert, meaning that no single unit operation maintains uniformly high capture across all modes like filters primarily target particulate dust, dry ESPs can exhibit reduced efficiency and wet polishing can shift burdens to water use and sludge handling. This review provides a thorough and systematic comparison of the performance of traditional and novel lead control technologies, both standalone and hybrid ones that couple pre-treating, high-efficiency particulate removal, and chemical polishing methods. This work illustrates that, whereas a variety of standalone technologies such as bag filters could be very efficient for the collection of lead-containing dust, the multifaceted chemistry of industrial lead emissions necessitates hybrid control trains that combine pre-treating, high-efficiency particulate removal, and chemical polishing to ensure ultra-low emission performance that normally exceeds 99.9% destruction removal efficiency. The review also formally and systematically incorporates the principles of sustainability and the circular economy through a performance comparison of technologies classified into low and high water and energy use, and lead recoverable technologies that are essential for the sustainable mitigation of the gigantic health burdens of industrial airborne lead pollution and the coincidence of industrialization with the United Nation’s sustainable development goals.</p>

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Advanced strategies for airborne lead abatement: a brief review of performance, sustainability, and industrial application

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月24日

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  • Takia Kamal,
  • Md Faiyaz Shahriar,
  • Rizwanur Rahman

摘要

Although the gradual ban of leaded fuels has reduced the intensity of lead pollution, industrial airborne lead remains a widespread and potent poison that exacts a gigantic toll on global health through neurodevelopmental toxicity and cardiovascular death. Current lead emission baselines are dominated by smelting, recycling, and waste treatment, for which the adoption of cutting-edge control technologies will be essential to achieve very stringent air quality criteria. Achieving these limits is complicated by the chemical and physical heterogeneity of Pb emissions: coarse Pb-bearing dust, submicron volatilized fumes that condense during cooling, and volatile organoleads can co-exist and interconvert, meaning that no single unit operation maintains uniformly high capture across all modes like filters primarily target particulate dust, dry ESPs can exhibit reduced efficiency and wet polishing can shift burdens to water use and sludge handling. This review provides a thorough and systematic comparison of the performance of traditional and novel lead control technologies, both standalone and hybrid ones that couple pre-treating, high-efficiency particulate removal, and chemical polishing methods. This work illustrates that, whereas a variety of standalone technologies such as bag filters could be very efficient for the collection of lead-containing dust, the multifaceted chemistry of industrial lead emissions necessitates hybrid control trains that combine pre-treating, high-efficiency particulate removal, and chemical polishing to ensure ultra-low emission performance that normally exceeds 99.9% destruction removal efficiency. The review also formally and systematically incorporates the principles of sustainability and the circular economy through a performance comparison of technologies classified into low and high water and energy use, and lead recoverable technologies that are essential for the sustainable mitigation of the gigantic health burdens of industrial airborne lead pollution and the coincidence of industrialization with the United Nation’s sustainable development goals.