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<p>Drought stress is a major constraint to safflower (<i>Carthamus tinctorius</i>) production, adversely affecting phenological development, physiological performance, and oil yield. In this study, the effects of foliar-applied salicylic acid (SA) (0.5, 1, and 1.5&#xa0;mM) were evaluated under different irrigation intervals (Irrigation after 70, 110, and 150&#xa0;mm evaporation from class A pan) to determine its role in enhancing drought tolerance and improving productivity. Results showed that drought stress accelerated flowering, shortened seed filling duration, and reduced plant biomass, seed yield, and oil accumulation. Application of SA mitigated these effects by improving leaf water content, stabilizing membranes, maintaining chlorophyll integrity, and enhancing photosystem II efficiency, thereby supporting photosynthetic capacity under stress. Importantly, the SA exhibited differential effects depending on water availability. The SA treatment accelerated the rate of oil accumulation in developing seeds under non-stress conditions; however, under drought stress mainly prolonged the oil filling period with little effect on the rate of accumulation, which ultimately enhanced final oil content and yield. These findings highlight the SA as a versatile regulator that not only improves safflower resilience under drought, but also optimizes oil deposition dynamics, offering a practical approach to sustaining oilseed productivity in water-limited environments.</p>

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Mitigation of drought stress in safflower via foliar application of salicylic acid: impacts on growth, yield, and oil accumulation dynamics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月4日

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  • Kazem Ghassemi-Golezani,
  • Nahideh Badri-Danalou,
  • Salar Farhangi-Abriz

摘要

Drought stress is a major constraint to safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) production, adversely affecting phenological development, physiological performance, and oil yield. In this study, the effects of foliar-applied salicylic acid (SA) (0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM) were evaluated under different irrigation intervals (Irrigation after 70, 110, and 150 mm evaporation from class A pan) to determine its role in enhancing drought tolerance and improving productivity. Results showed that drought stress accelerated flowering, shortened seed filling duration, and reduced plant biomass, seed yield, and oil accumulation. Application of SA mitigated these effects by improving leaf water content, stabilizing membranes, maintaining chlorophyll integrity, and enhancing photosystem II efficiency, thereby supporting photosynthetic capacity under stress. Importantly, the SA exhibited differential effects depending on water availability. The SA treatment accelerated the rate of oil accumulation in developing seeds under non-stress conditions; however, under drought stress mainly prolonged the oil filling period with little effect on the rate of accumulation, which ultimately enhanced final oil content and yield. These findings highlight the SA as a versatile regulator that not only improves safflower resilience under drought, but also optimizes oil deposition dynamics, offering a practical approach to sustaining oilseed productivity in water-limited environments.