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<p>This study determined the soluble sugars, organic acids, phenolic compounds, amino acids, and fatty acid contents of plant parts of the halophytic species <i>Halimione verrucifera</i> collected during three different developmental stages (late vegetative period, flowering period, and seed maturation period) in 2024 and 2025. Soluble sugar analyses revealed that maltose was highest at the end of the vegetative period and significantly decreased at the seed maturation period. In contrast, glucose content reached its maximum at the seed maturation period. Fructose was high at the end of the vegetative period and during the seed maturation period and lower during the flowering period. The organic acid profile showed that it was more active during the vegetative period. Succinic and formic acids were found to be the most abundant organic acids in <i>H. verrucifera</i>. The most abundant phenolic compounds in the plant <i>H. verrucifera</i> were Trans-ferulic acid, Gentisic acid, p-coumaric acid, Rutin, Vanillin, Epigallocatechin, and Hydroxybenzaldehyde, respectively. Trans-ferulic acid, gentisic acid, p-coumaric acid, and epigallocatechin were higher during the vegetative stage, while rutin was higher during the flowering stage, and vanillin was higher during the seed maturation period. Lysine, glutamic acid, alanine, threonine, aspartic acid, valine, and methionine amino acids increased significantly during the flowering stage. Conversely, a significant decrease in free amino acid levels was observed during seed maturation period. In the vegetative stage, proline, arginine, glycine, serine, and tyrosine amino acids were higher. Among fatty acids, linolenic acid reached its maximum level during the vegetative stage and decreased during the seed maturation period. In contrast, oleic acid and palmitic acid reached their highest values during the seed maturation period. In conclusion, it has been determined that carbon and nitrogen metabolism are reorganized in a coordinated manner depending on the developmental phases in the species <i>H. verrucifera</i>.</p>

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Metabolic profiling of organic acids, soluble sugars, fatty acids, amino acids and phenolic compounds in Halimione verrucifera across developmental stages

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月3日

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  • Bilal Keskin,
  • Süleyman Temel,
  • Ali İhsan Atalay,
  • Seda Akbay Tohumcu,
  • Faruk Tohumcu

摘要

This study determined the soluble sugars, organic acids, phenolic compounds, amino acids, and fatty acid contents of plant parts of the halophytic species Halimione verrucifera collected during three different developmental stages (late vegetative period, flowering period, and seed maturation period) in 2024 and 2025. Soluble sugar analyses revealed that maltose was highest at the end of the vegetative period and significantly decreased at the seed maturation period. In contrast, glucose content reached its maximum at the seed maturation period. Fructose was high at the end of the vegetative period and during the seed maturation period and lower during the flowering period. The organic acid profile showed that it was more active during the vegetative period. Succinic and formic acids were found to be the most abundant organic acids in H. verrucifera. The most abundant phenolic compounds in the plant H. verrucifera were Trans-ferulic acid, Gentisic acid, p-coumaric acid, Rutin, Vanillin, Epigallocatechin, and Hydroxybenzaldehyde, respectively. Trans-ferulic acid, gentisic acid, p-coumaric acid, and epigallocatechin were higher during the vegetative stage, while rutin was higher during the flowering stage, and vanillin was higher during the seed maturation period. Lysine, glutamic acid, alanine, threonine, aspartic acid, valine, and methionine amino acids increased significantly during the flowering stage. Conversely, a significant decrease in free amino acid levels was observed during seed maturation period. In the vegetative stage, proline, arginine, glycine, serine, and tyrosine amino acids were higher. Among fatty acids, linolenic acid reached its maximum level during the vegetative stage and decreased during the seed maturation period. In contrast, oleic acid and palmitic acid reached their highest values during the seed maturation period. In conclusion, it has been determined that carbon and nitrogen metabolism are reorganized in a coordinated manner depending on the developmental phases in the species H. verrucifera.