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<p>Plants serve as important sources of therapeutic compounds with significant pharmaceutical uses. In this study, we analyzed the phytochemical content and the antioxidant, enzyme-modulating, and antimicrobial activities of <i>Teucrium royleanum</i> leaf extracts. Methods included initial phytochemical screening, measurement of phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, and steroids, and GC–MS profiling to identify specific metabolites. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays, along with enzymatic activities (SOD, GST, LPO, GDH, catalase). Antimicrobial and antifungal effects were tested via broth microdilution. Results showed high phenolic (14.6&#xa0;mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (136.14&#xa0;mg QE/g) contents, with alkaloids present at 0.728%. GC–MS analysis identified 26 compounds, including phenolic derivatives, terpenoids, sterols, and fatty acids, supporting the observed biological activities. Antioxidant tests indicated moderate activity (IC₅₀ values: DPPH 72.19&#xa0;µg/mL, FRAP 44.52&#xa0;µg/mL, ABTS 68.64&#xa0;µg/mL). The extract exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity, inhibiting <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i><i>, </i><i>Salmonella typhi</i><i>, </i><i>Listeria monocytogenes,</i> and <i>Candida albicans</i>, though less effectively than standard drugs. In conclusion, this study offers the first comprehensive evaluation of <i>T. royleanum</i>, an underexplored species with ethnopharmacological importance, establishing a baseline dataset for future advanced phytochemical and pharmacological research. While the findings are promising, additional validation using UHPLC–MS/MS or NMR is needed to fully characterize non-volatile constituents.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Bioactive and therapeutic evaluation of Teucrium royleanum: Phytochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial perspectives

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月18日

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  • Shazia Akhtar,
  • Nilay Singh,
  • Suman Naithani,
  • Archana Bachheti

摘要

Plants serve as important sources of therapeutic compounds with significant pharmaceutical uses. In this study, we analyzed the phytochemical content and the antioxidant, enzyme-modulating, and antimicrobial activities of Teucrium royleanum leaf extracts. Methods included initial phytochemical screening, measurement of phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, and steroids, and GC–MS profiling to identify specific metabolites. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays, along with enzymatic activities (SOD, GST, LPO, GDH, catalase). Antimicrobial and antifungal effects were tested via broth microdilution. Results showed high phenolic (14.6 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (136.14 mg QE/g) contents, with alkaloids present at 0.728%. GC–MS analysis identified 26 compounds, including phenolic derivatives, terpenoids, sterols, and fatty acids, supporting the observed biological activities. Antioxidant tests indicated moderate activity (IC₅₀ values: DPPH 72.19 µg/mL, FRAP 44.52 µg/mL, ABTS 68.64 µg/mL). The extract exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity, inhibiting Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Listeria monocytogenes, and Candida albicans, though less effectively than standard drugs. In conclusion, this study offers the first comprehensive evaluation of T. royleanum, an underexplored species with ethnopharmacological importance, establishing a baseline dataset for future advanced phytochemical and pharmacological research. While the findings are promising, additional validation using UHPLC–MS/MS or NMR is needed to fully characterize non-volatile constituents.

Graphical Abstract