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<p><i>Artemisia annua</i> has a wide array of secondary metabolites like phenolics which exhibit numerous biological properties. This study aimed to determine impacts of nanomaterial treatments on accumulation of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The experiment was designed as a foliar spray with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), magnesium and iron oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs, Fe₃O₄-NPs) at 50 and 100&#xa0;mg L<sup>−1</sup> concentrations. Plant leaves were harvested after 0, 24 and 120&#xa0;h, and biochemical indices were measured. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed that nanoparticles penetrated the cell wall, entered the cytoplasm, and then became distributed within various subcellular organelles. Exposure to the nanomaterials caused oxidative stress which led to higher levels of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and malondialdehyde as compare to the control. Furthermore, nanomaterial treatments significantly increased production of secondary metabolites such as total phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL), in the leaves. This study uniquely demonstrates a synergistic effect of MgO-NPs, Fe₃O₄-NPs, and MWCNTs on <i>Artemisia annua</i>, linking oxidative stress signaling to enhanced biosynthesis of phenolic acids and flavonoids. Molecular docking further revealed direct interactions of these nanoparticles with the active sites of PAL and TAL enzymes, providing a novel mechanistic insight into nanoparticle-mediated metabolic regulation in plants, that are medicinally valuable.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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ROS-mediated signaling by MgO and Fe3O4 nanoparticles and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) enhances phenolic and flavonoid accumulation in Artemisia annua

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月9日

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  • Sodabeh Nazarpoor,
  • Azra Saboora,
  • Mahboobeh Zarrabi

摘要

Artemisia annua has a wide array of secondary metabolites like phenolics which exhibit numerous biological properties. This study aimed to determine impacts of nanomaterial treatments on accumulation of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The experiment was designed as a foliar spray with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), magnesium and iron oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs, Fe₃O₄-NPs) at 50 and 100 mg L−1 concentrations. Plant leaves were harvested after 0, 24 and 120 h, and biochemical indices were measured. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed that nanoparticles penetrated the cell wall, entered the cytoplasm, and then became distributed within various subcellular organelles. Exposure to the nanomaterials caused oxidative stress which led to higher levels of H2O2 and malondialdehyde as compare to the control. Furthermore, nanomaterial treatments significantly increased production of secondary metabolites such as total phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL), in the leaves. This study uniquely demonstrates a synergistic effect of MgO-NPs, Fe₃O₄-NPs, and MWCNTs on Artemisia annua, linking oxidative stress signaling to enhanced biosynthesis of phenolic acids and flavonoids. Molecular docking further revealed direct interactions of these nanoparticles with the active sites of PAL and TAL enzymes, providing a novel mechanistic insight into nanoparticle-mediated metabolic regulation in plants, that are medicinally valuable.

Graphical abstract