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<p><i>Fagonia indica</i> contains several pharmacologically active chemicals, but environmental factors often cause fluctuations in its key metabolites. Chemical elicitors such as sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium carbonate (Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) can trigger biosynthetic pathways to enhance secondary metabolite production. This study evaluated the effects of NaCl and Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (1, 10, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mM) on biomass growth, antioxidant activity, and metabolite biosynthesis in <i>F. indica</i> callus cultures over a 21-day elicitation period. NaCl at 250 mM significantly enhanced biomass (54.8 g/L), total phenolic content (7.56 ± 0.144 µg/mg), and total flavonoid content (2.24 ± 0.059 µg/mg), outperforming Na₂CO₃ treatments. Antioxidant activities were highest with 250 mM NaCl, assessed by FRAP (371.22 ± 9.52 µmol TEAC/mg DW) and ABTS (422.79 ± 12.443 µmol TEAC/mg DW) assays. HPLC analysis revealed maximum accumulation of caffeic acid, nahagenin, and betulinic acid under NaCl elicitation.. While NaCl was superior for metabolite accumulation and antioxidant activity, calli treated with moderate concentrations of Na₂CO₃ exhibited notable anti-inflammatory activities, as assessed by inhibition of COX-1 (46.2 ± 1.51%) and LOX (44.11 ± 1.421%). These findings highlight the potential of NaCl as an elicitor for scaling up secondary metabolite production in bioreactors, benefiting pharmaceutical applications.</p>

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Sodium carbonate and sodium chloride as elicitors of secondary metabolite production in callus cultures of Fagonia indica

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月3日

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  • Muhammad Uzair Javed,
  • Muhammad Asad Ullah,
  • Tehreem Mahmood,
  • Taimoor Khan,
  • Iva Viehmannova,
  • Anmol Akbar,
  • Yasir Khan,
  • Tariq Khan,
  • Bilal Haider Abbasi,
  • Christophe Hano,
  • Nathalie Giglioli-Guivarc’h

摘要

Fagonia indica contains several pharmacologically active chemicals, but environmental factors often cause fluctuations in its key metabolites. Chemical elicitors such as sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) can trigger biosynthetic pathways to enhance secondary metabolite production. This study evaluated the effects of NaCl and Na2CO3 (1, 10, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mM) on biomass growth, antioxidant activity, and metabolite biosynthesis in F. indica callus cultures over a 21-day elicitation period. NaCl at 250 mM significantly enhanced biomass (54.8 g/L), total phenolic content (7.56 ± 0.144 µg/mg), and total flavonoid content (2.24 ± 0.059 µg/mg), outperforming Na₂CO₃ treatments. Antioxidant activities were highest with 250 mM NaCl, assessed by FRAP (371.22 ± 9.52 µmol TEAC/mg DW) and ABTS (422.79 ± 12.443 µmol TEAC/mg DW) assays. HPLC analysis revealed maximum accumulation of caffeic acid, nahagenin, and betulinic acid under NaCl elicitation.. While NaCl was superior for metabolite accumulation and antioxidant activity, calli treated with moderate concentrations of Na₂CO₃ exhibited notable anti-inflammatory activities, as assessed by inhibition of COX-1 (46.2 ± 1.51%) and LOX (44.11 ± 1.421%). These findings highlight the potential of NaCl as an elicitor for scaling up secondary metabolite production in bioreactors, benefiting pharmaceutical applications.