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<p>Bone drilling is an important process in orthopaedic and dental surgery, where excessive heat and poor surface integrity can lead to thermal osteonecrosis and loss of implant stability. Thermal response and post-drilling surface roughness are frequently examined independently, even though their interdependence remains poorly understood despite extensive analysis of their individual characteristics. This study combines an experimental investigation of maximum temperature (<i>T</i><sub><i>max</i></sub>) and surface roughness (<i>Ra &amp; Rz</i>) during drilling under the same conditions. A full factorial design was adopted with SS316L and ZrO<sub>2</sub> drill bits of 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5&#xa0;mm diameter, a feed rate of 30–50&#xa0;mm/min, and a spindle speed of 900–1300&#xa0;rpm. The findings demonstrate that the spindle speed is the most important factor affecting <i>T</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> and surface roughness. SS316L exercises produced increased temperatures (<i>T</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> of 61&#xa0;°C) and roughness (<i>Ra</i> of 17&#xa0;μm), often higher than the 47&#xa0;°C thermal limit. By comparison, ZrO<sub>2</sub> drills had lower <i>T</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> (&lt; 42.5&#xa0;°C) and were more uniform in surface quality. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that <i>T</i><sub><i>max</i></sub> and <i>Ra</i> had a moderate, diameter-dependent correlation with SS316L, whereas weaker correlations were observed with ZrO<sub>2</sub>. The results indicate that combined thermo-surface testing is important and suggest that ZrO2 drills perform better under controlled experimental conditions.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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An integrated analysis of thermal response and surface integrity of bone drilling with zirconia drills

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月10日

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  • Phanindra Addepalli,
  • Worapong Sawangsri,
  • Saiful Anwar Che Ghani,
  • Chaiyakorn Thitiyanaporn

摘要

Bone drilling is an important process in orthopaedic and dental surgery, where excessive heat and poor surface integrity can lead to thermal osteonecrosis and loss of implant stability. Thermal response and post-drilling surface roughness are frequently examined independently, even though their interdependence remains poorly understood despite extensive analysis of their individual characteristics. This study combines an experimental investigation of maximum temperature (Tmax) and surface roughness (Ra & Rz) during drilling under the same conditions. A full factorial design was adopted with SS316L and ZrO2 drill bits of 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 mm diameter, a feed rate of 30–50 mm/min, and a spindle speed of 900–1300 rpm. The findings demonstrate that the spindle speed is the most important factor affecting Tmax and surface roughness. SS316L exercises produced increased temperatures (Tmax of 61 °C) and roughness (Ra of 17 μm), often higher than the 47 °C thermal limit. By comparison, ZrO2 drills had lower Tmax (< 42.5 °C) and were more uniform in surface quality. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that Tmax and Ra had a moderate, diameter-dependent correlation with SS316L, whereas weaker correlations were observed with ZrO2. The results indicate that combined thermo-surface testing is important and suggest that ZrO2 drills perform better under controlled experimental conditions.

Graphical Abstract