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<p>Many deployed internet of things (IoT) devices used for medical sensor logging, industrial telemetry, and smart metering require block-cipher-based random-access encrypted storage on 8-bit microcontrollers. Conventional 128-bit block ciphers impose significant flash and random-access memory (RAM) overhead on 8-bit platforms, introducing up to 100% padding overhead for short sensor records, while modern authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD) schemes built from sponge permutations do not support constant-time random-access decryption due to their sequential structure. This work introduces SHOT (Substitution-rotation Hybrid Optimized Transform), an 80-bit block cipher tailored for 8-bit devices and co-designed with the storage format. SHOT integrates a 5-bit nonlinear substitution layer (S-box) and a linear layer inspired by the Ascon permutation into a 32-round Feistel network with a 160-bit key, enabling standard cipher block chaining (CBC) and counter (CTR) modes. Mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) analysis indicates estimated security margins of 17 and 20&#xa0;rounds for differential and linear cryptanalysis, respectively, within our search limits. A fully unrolled SHOT assembly implementation on an AVR-class microcontroller achieves 384.7&#xa0;cycles per byte and an energy cost of 330.6&#xa0;nJ per bit, while a compact field-programmable gate array (FPGA) design sustains 251&#xa0;Mbps using about 1,013 lookup tables. In a continuous glucose monitoring scenario, SHOT reduces padding overhead for per-record encryption and extends flash logging capacity on the same hardware partition.</p>

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SHOT: Lightweight block cipher for legacy-compatible secure storage in bounded-lifetime IoT deployments

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Andriani Adi Lestari,
  • Suryadi MT,
  • Kalamullah Ramli,
  • Teddy Surya Gunawan,
  • Esti Rahmawati Agustina,
  • Susila Windarta,
  • Wildan Wildan,
  • Fadjar Rahino Triputra

摘要

Many deployed internet of things (IoT) devices used for medical sensor logging, industrial telemetry, and smart metering require block-cipher-based random-access encrypted storage on 8-bit microcontrollers. Conventional 128-bit block ciphers impose significant flash and random-access memory (RAM) overhead on 8-bit platforms, introducing up to 100% padding overhead for short sensor records, while modern authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD) schemes built from sponge permutations do not support constant-time random-access decryption due to their sequential structure. This work introduces SHOT (Substitution-rotation Hybrid Optimized Transform), an 80-bit block cipher tailored for 8-bit devices and co-designed with the storage format. SHOT integrates a 5-bit nonlinear substitution layer (S-box) and a linear layer inspired by the Ascon permutation into a 32-round Feistel network with a 160-bit key, enabling standard cipher block chaining (CBC) and counter (CTR) modes. Mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) analysis indicates estimated security margins of 17 and 20 rounds for differential and linear cryptanalysis, respectively, within our search limits. A fully unrolled SHOT assembly implementation on an AVR-class microcontroller achieves 384.7 cycles per byte and an energy cost of 330.6 nJ per bit, while a compact field-programmable gate array (FPGA) design sustains 251 Mbps using about 1,013 lookup tables. In a continuous glucose monitoring scenario, SHOT reduces padding overhead for per-record encryption and extends flash logging capacity on the same hardware partition.