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<p>With the rapid expansion of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), applications such as real-time monitoring and control impose stringent requirements on the timeliness and freshness of status updates. However, in large-scale, grant-free networks, massive sporadic access, limited spectral resources, and multi-user interference make it challenging to achieve low-latency and high-reliability short-packet transmissions while maintaining information freshness. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel short-packet communication scheme that integrates synchronous framed slotted ALOHA (FSA) with power-domain non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA). In this scheme, a closed-form expression for the average Age of Information (AoI) is derived. Furthermore, an optimization problem for the power control factor is formulated and solved to minimize the maximum average AoI, and a dynamic frame length optimization model is developed to maximize system throughput. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed FSA-NOMA scheme significantly reduces the average AoI and improves throughput compared to baseline schemes such as TDMA and other NOMA variants under various traffic loads and channel conditions. This work provides an effective and practical protocol design for large-scale IIoT systems that require low power consumption, high timeliness, and efficient massive access.</p>

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Adaptive power partitioning and frame length optimization for AoI minimization in frame slotted ALOHA-assisted NOMA networks

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月16日

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  • Changhao Song,
  • Mangang Xie,
  • Gang Lu,
  • Shengxia Zhang,
  • Xiangdong Jia

摘要

With the rapid expansion of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), applications such as real-time monitoring and control impose stringent requirements on the timeliness and freshness of status updates. However, in large-scale, grant-free networks, massive sporadic access, limited spectral resources, and multi-user interference make it challenging to achieve low-latency and high-reliability short-packet transmissions while maintaining information freshness. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel short-packet communication scheme that integrates synchronous framed slotted ALOHA (FSA) with power-domain non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA). In this scheme, a closed-form expression for the average Age of Information (AoI) is derived. Furthermore, an optimization problem for the power control factor is formulated and solved to minimize the maximum average AoI, and a dynamic frame length optimization model is developed to maximize system throughput. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed FSA-NOMA scheme significantly reduces the average AoI and improves throughput compared to baseline schemes such as TDMA and other NOMA variants under various traffic loads and channel conditions. This work provides an effective and practical protocol design for large-scale IIoT systems that require low power consumption, high timeliness, and efficient massive access.