<p>Agricultural operations, particularly concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), are major contributors to air pollution in the United States. Epidemiological studies have linked exposure to agricultural dust with an increased risk of chronic diseases; however, despite extensive research on the development and treatment of metabolic syndrome, the mechanisms connecting agricultural pollutant exposure to metabolic dysfunction remain poorly understood. This review examines potential pathways through which agricultural emissions may contribute to the progression of metabolic disease, with particular emphasis on the gut–lung axis (GLA). The gut–lung axis represents a bidirectional communication network between the microbiota and immune systems of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Emerging evidence demonstrates that inhalation of agricultural pollutants not only induces chronic airway disease but also promotes intestinal inflammation characterized by tight junction disruption, intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis, increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and gut microbial dysbiosis. Compromised intestinal barrier integrity facilitates the translocation of bacterial products and inflammatory mediators into systemic circulation, where they can access metabolically active organs and promote metabolic dysfunction. This review integrates current evidence on how inhaled agricultural pollutants disrupt pulmonary and intestinal barrier function and highlights the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and microbial-derived byproducts in mediating metabolic disease through the gut–lung axis. Improved understanding of these interconnected mechanisms is essential for developing targeted strategies to mitigate pollution-associated metabolic risk in agricultural workers and at-risk communities.</p>