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<p>The environmental impact of cement production and the accumulation of industrial by-products such as copper slag necessitate the development of sustainable concrete materials. Metakaolin, a highly reactive pozzolanic material, and copper slag, an industrial waste, can partially replace cement and fine aggregate, respectively, to improve concrete performance while reducing environmental impact. This study investigates the combined use of metakaolin as partial replacement of cement and copper slag as partial replacement of fine aggregate. Concrete mixes were prepared with a constant water–cement ratio of 0.38, and tests were conducted to evaluate compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, rebound number, and water absorption. A two-way ANOVA was also performed. The compressive strength increased from 40.46&#xa0;MPa (control mix) to 49.29&#xa0;MPa at 8% metakaolin and 40% copper slag. The split tensile strength increased from 5.11 to 6.05&#xa0;MPa, and the flexural strength increased from 4.76 to 5.42&#xa0;MPa at the same replacement level. The UPV increased from 3.97 to 4.65&#xa0;m/s and rebound number from 38.09 to 43.28. Water absorption decreased from 2.95 to 2.29%, although performance declined at 60% copper slag. The findings indicate that metakaolin and copper slag can effectively enhance concrete properties, with optimal performance at 8% and 40% replacement levels, offering a sustainable construction alternative.</p>

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Evaluation of mechanical and durability properties of concrete incorporating metakaolin and copper slag as partial replacement for cement and sand

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月15日

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  • Sabita Dash,
  • Rakesh Kumar Patra

摘要

The environmental impact of cement production and the accumulation of industrial by-products such as copper slag necessitate the development of sustainable concrete materials. Metakaolin, a highly reactive pozzolanic material, and copper slag, an industrial waste, can partially replace cement and fine aggregate, respectively, to improve concrete performance while reducing environmental impact. This study investigates the combined use of metakaolin as partial replacement of cement and copper slag as partial replacement of fine aggregate. Concrete mixes were prepared with a constant water–cement ratio of 0.38, and tests were conducted to evaluate compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, rebound number, and water absorption. A two-way ANOVA was also performed. The compressive strength increased from 40.46 MPa (control mix) to 49.29 MPa at 8% metakaolin and 40% copper slag. The split tensile strength increased from 5.11 to 6.05 MPa, and the flexural strength increased from 4.76 to 5.42 MPa at the same replacement level. The UPV increased from 3.97 to 4.65 m/s and rebound number from 38.09 to 43.28. Water absorption decreased from 2.95 to 2.29%, although performance declined at 60% copper slag. The findings indicate that metakaolin and copper slag can effectively enhance concrete properties, with optimal performance at 8% and 40% replacement levels, offering a sustainable construction alternative.