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Objectives and Background <p>To evaluates the effects of tannic acid (TA) combined with pamidronate on human osteoblast (hFOB 1.19) and osteoclast co-culture model.</p> Methods <p>The half-maximal effective concentration (EC<sub>50</sub>) for TA, pamidronate, and their combinations (ratios: 25:75, 50:50, 75:25) were determined via MTT assay. Drug interactions were assessed using the combination index, while cell proliferation was analyzed with the trypan blue assay. Morphological changes were examined using phase-contrast inverted and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineral deposition were evaluated using histochemical assays (ALP, Alizarin Red S, and von Kossa). Mineral quantification was performed with SEM–EDX.</p> Results <p>TA and the 50:50 TA: PAM combination demonstrated potent effects, with EC<sub>50</sub> values of 0.004&#xa0;µg/mL and 0.007&#xa0;µg/mL, respectively, and showed a synergistic interaction. Cells treated with the combination drugs exhibited significantly increased proliferation on days 7 and 10 compared to single treatments or controls. Morphological analysis showed that treatments reduced OCs size while promoting OBs activity. All treatments enhanced ALP activity and calcium deposition, with single treatment inducing calcium deposition from day 3, and the combination treatment showing marked increases from day 7. Notably, phosphate deposition was significantly higher at all time points with the combination treatment. However, prolonged exposure to pamidronate reduced osteoblast proliferation and mineralization by day 14 due to adverse effects.</p> Conclusion <p>A 50:50 combination of TA and pamidronate effectively reduces OCs size while enhancing OBs mineralization and proliferation. Despite the potential adverse effects of prolonged pamidronate exposure, the combination shows promise for promoting bone formation.</p>

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Tannic Acid and Pamidronate Synergistically Modulate Osteoblast and Osteoclast Activity in a Human Co-Culture Model

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月30日

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  • Nurul Husna Azizul,
  • Hermizi Hapidin,
  • Hasmah Abdullah,
  • Maryam Azlan,
  • Azlina Ahmad,
  • Ima Nirwana Soelaiman

摘要

Objectives and Background

To evaluates the effects of tannic acid (TA) combined with pamidronate on human osteoblast (hFOB 1.19) and osteoclast co-culture model.

Methods

The half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) for TA, pamidronate, and their combinations (ratios: 25:75, 50:50, 75:25) were determined via MTT assay. Drug interactions were assessed using the combination index, while cell proliferation was analyzed with the trypan blue assay. Morphological changes were examined using phase-contrast inverted and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineral deposition were evaluated using histochemical assays (ALP, Alizarin Red S, and von Kossa). Mineral quantification was performed with SEM–EDX.

Results

TA and the 50:50 TA: PAM combination demonstrated potent effects, with EC50 values of 0.004 µg/mL and 0.007 µg/mL, respectively, and showed a synergistic interaction. Cells treated with the combination drugs exhibited significantly increased proliferation on days 7 and 10 compared to single treatments or controls. Morphological analysis showed that treatments reduced OCs size while promoting OBs activity. All treatments enhanced ALP activity and calcium deposition, with single treatment inducing calcium deposition from day 3, and the combination treatment showing marked increases from day 7. Notably, phosphate deposition was significantly higher at all time points with the combination treatment. However, prolonged exposure to pamidronate reduced osteoblast proliferation and mineralization by day 14 due to adverse effects.

Conclusion

A 50:50 combination of TA and pamidronate effectively reduces OCs size while enhancing OBs mineralization and proliferation. Despite the potential adverse effects of prolonged pamidronate exposure, the combination shows promise for promoting bone formation.