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Background <p>Recent epidemiological studies have pointed to nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) as a contributing factor in the formation of thyroid nodules. Nevertheless, causal inference remains challenging due to the limitations of conventional observational studies. In this investigation, we applied two-sample Mendelian randomization (TSMR) to evaluate the causal relationship between NO₂ concentrations and the risk of thyroid nodules</p> Methods <p>Using publicly available aggregated data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) within the IEU Open GWAS database, we conducted a TSMR analysis. Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with NO₂ levels were chosen as instrumental variables (IVs). Inverse-variance weighting (IVW) served as the primary analytical method, complemented by sensitivity analyses through MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode methods</p> Results <p>The Mendelian randomization analysis identified a significant positive causal effect of NO₂ on thyroid nodule risk. A one standard deviation (SD) increase in NO₂ concentrations was linked to a 112.0% heightened risk of thyroid nodules (odds ratio 2.12, 95% confidence interval 1.07–4.18, P = 0.031), based on IVW analysis. No notable heterogeneity or pleiotropic effects were observed</p> Conclusion <p>Our findings demonstrate a causal association between higher NO₂ exposure and an elevated risk of thyroid nodules. This study underscores the need for public health interventions targeting air pollution reduction as a strategy for preventing thyroid nodules.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Causal Associations Between Nitrogen Dioxide Exposure and Thyroid Nodules: a Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月6日

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  • Chengxiang Liu,
  • Sainan Li,
  • Chen Zhu,
  • Shan Chen,
  • Juan Zhou,
  • Hong Chen

摘要

Background

Recent epidemiological studies have pointed to nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) as a contributing factor in the formation of thyroid nodules. Nevertheless, causal inference remains challenging due to the limitations of conventional observational studies. In this investigation, we applied two-sample Mendelian randomization (TSMR) to evaluate the causal relationship between NO₂ concentrations and the risk of thyroid nodules

Methods

Using publicly available aggregated data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) within the IEU Open GWAS database, we conducted a TSMR analysis. Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with NO₂ levels were chosen as instrumental variables (IVs). Inverse-variance weighting (IVW) served as the primary analytical method, complemented by sensitivity analyses through MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode methods

Results

The Mendelian randomization analysis identified a significant positive causal effect of NO₂ on thyroid nodule risk. A one standard deviation (SD) increase in NO₂ concentrations was linked to a 112.0% heightened risk of thyroid nodules (odds ratio 2.12, 95% confidence interval 1.07–4.18, P = 0.031), based on IVW analysis. No notable heterogeneity or pleiotropic effects were observed

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrate a causal association between higher NO₂ exposure and an elevated risk of thyroid nodules. This study underscores the need for public health interventions targeting air pollution reduction as a strategy for preventing thyroid nodules.

Graphical abstract