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<p>To understand the meteorological and climatological factors influencing surface mass balance (SMB) in East Antarctica, we analyzed the long-term snow stake observations at Syowa Station from 1975 to 2020. We identified extreme snowfall events based on snow depth increases recorded by snow stakes, which reflect the combined effects of snowfall, drifting snow, sublimation, and melt. These extreme cases were consistently accompanied by blizzards during the period with detailed blizzard records (2007–2018). The analysis of surface meteorological records at Syowa Station showed no significant long-term trend in annual mean temperature, but a significant increasing trend in the number of days with snowfall. A composite analysis using JRA-55 reanalysis revealed that significant snow accumulation occurred when a low-pressure system stagnated west of Syowa Station, creating a situation where warm and humid air flows in from the ocean. Additionally, a region of strong meridional water vapor flux extends from the mid-latitudes to the vicinity of Syowa Station at the time of maximum wind speed during the blizzards. The weather patterns are similar in the group that shows large decreases in snow depth, but this occurs exclusively in December and March when temperatures at 850&#xa0;hPa rise to around 0&#xa0;℃.&#xa0;These results suggest that synoptic-scale atmospheric conditions, as represented by JRA-55 reanalysis, are reflected in the surface snow accumulation variability recorded by snow stake observations at Syowa Station. This indicates that long-term in-situ observations, when interpreted alongside reanalysis data, can provide useful insights into SMB variability in coastal East Antarctica.</p>

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Meteorological characteristics of extreme snowfall events identified by snow stake and blizzard observations at Syowa Station in East Antarctica

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月1日

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  • Kaita Sugawara,
  • Michiko Otsuka,
  • Masashi Niwano

摘要

To understand the meteorological and climatological factors influencing surface mass balance (SMB) in East Antarctica, we analyzed the long-term snow stake observations at Syowa Station from 1975 to 2020. We identified extreme snowfall events based on snow depth increases recorded by snow stakes, which reflect the combined effects of snowfall, drifting snow, sublimation, and melt. These extreme cases were consistently accompanied by blizzards during the period with detailed blizzard records (2007–2018). The analysis of surface meteorological records at Syowa Station showed no significant long-term trend in annual mean temperature, but a significant increasing trend in the number of days with snowfall. A composite analysis using JRA-55 reanalysis revealed that significant snow accumulation occurred when a low-pressure system stagnated west of Syowa Station, creating a situation where warm and humid air flows in from the ocean. Additionally, a region of strong meridional water vapor flux extends from the mid-latitudes to the vicinity of Syowa Station at the time of maximum wind speed during the blizzards. The weather patterns are similar in the group that shows large decreases in snow depth, but this occurs exclusively in December and March when temperatures at 850 hPa rise to around 0 ℃. These results suggest that synoptic-scale atmospheric conditions, as represented by JRA-55 reanalysis, are reflected in the surface snow accumulation variability recorded by snow stake observations at Syowa Station. This indicates that long-term in-situ observations, when interpreted alongside reanalysis data, can provide useful insights into SMB variability in coastal East Antarctica.