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<p>Phosphorus (P) availability remains a major constraint to crop productivity in Nigerian savanna soils due to strong fixation and variability in extraction efficiency. This study evaluated conventional extraction methods (Bray I, Bray II, and Mehlich-3), modified acid-based extractants, and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) across different soil orders and agroecological zones. Procedural adjustments, including extended shaking and reduced centrifugation time, were introduced to enhance extraction efficiency. Significant differences (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) were observed among extraction methods and soil types. Mehlich-3 performed consistently across Alfisols and Ultisols, whereas Bray I showed better suitability in Derived Savanna soils. Modified methods, particularly Bray II-S (222.01&#xa0;mg kg⁻¹) and CH₃COOH + HCl-S (28.07&#xa0;mg kg⁻¹), produced markedly higher extractable P values. However, these elevated values likely reflect dissolution of non-labile phosphorus fractions rather than strictly plant-available P. Correlation with maize P uptake (<i>r</i> = 0.35–0.67) indicated that moderately aggressive extractants better represent agronomic phosphorus availability. NIR showed weak predictive capability and underestimated extractable P. The results highlight the need for soil-specific calibration of extraction methods and caution against overestimation of available P when using strong extractants.</p>

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Comparative evaluation and optimization of phosphorus extraction methods for Nigerian Savannah soils

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月17日

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  • A. A. Mustapha,
  • A. S. Shaibu,
  • B. L. Abdulrahman,
  • A. U. Abubakar,
  • M. Ibrahim

摘要

Phosphorus (P) availability remains a major constraint to crop productivity in Nigerian savanna soils due to strong fixation and variability in extraction efficiency. This study evaluated conventional extraction methods (Bray I, Bray II, and Mehlich-3), modified acid-based extractants, and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) across different soil orders and agroecological zones. Procedural adjustments, including extended shaking and reduced centrifugation time, were introduced to enhance extraction efficiency. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed among extraction methods and soil types. Mehlich-3 performed consistently across Alfisols and Ultisols, whereas Bray I showed better suitability in Derived Savanna soils. Modified methods, particularly Bray II-S (222.01 mg kg⁻¹) and CH₃COOH + HCl-S (28.07 mg kg⁻¹), produced markedly higher extractable P values. However, these elevated values likely reflect dissolution of non-labile phosphorus fractions rather than strictly plant-available P. Correlation with maize P uptake (r = 0.35–0.67) indicated that moderately aggressive extractants better represent agronomic phosphorus availability. NIR showed weak predictive capability and underestimated extractable P. The results highlight the need for soil-specific calibration of extraction methods and caution against overestimation of available P when using strong extractants.