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<p>Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor has rapidly evolved into a transformative analytical technology capable of ultrahigh sensitivity, molecular specificity, and portability, meeting growing demands across biomedical, environmental, and food safety monitoring. As the field advances, flexible SERS substrates have emerged as one of the most dynamic branches, leveraging innovations in polymeric matrices, nanomaterials, and hybrid architectures. Recent breakthroughs underscore the impact of nature-inspired designs, such as bio-mimetic replicas of insect wings, and the utilization of organic semiconductors and metallic nano-islands with precisely tuned dimensions for the optimal generation of plasmonic hotspots. These flexible substrates, often fabricated via scalable and low-cost processes, offer robust enhancement factors and reproducible performance, enabling highly sensitive and multiplexed detection on curved and non-traditional surfaces. Moreover, the integration of SERS with electrochemical protocols, especially through the combination of MOFs, gold nanoparticles, and laser-induced graphene supports, has led to synergistic improvements in detection limits and analyte selectivity, further expanding SERS utility for rapid in situ quantification of clinically and environmentally relevant molecules. Despite these advances, several challenges remain, including substrate fouling, response stability in complex matrices, and mass-manufacturing scalability. Ongoing efforts are focusing on substrate passivation, antifouling coatings, and intelligent data analytics to increase robustness and operational reproducibility. In this review, we elucidate the key design principles and landmark achievements of flexible SERS platforms as reported in recent literature, critically discuss their performance metrics, and outline future directions for real-world adoption. The convergence of advanced material science and rational device engineering poises SERS as a next-generation sensing modality for integrated, wearable, and point-of-need analytical applications, heralding a new era for molecular diagnostics and environmental monitoring.</p>

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Nanoparticle arrays manufacturing for Raman enhancing sensors in biomedical and environmental detection

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月29日

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  • Kuan-Syun Wang,
  • Guang-Zhi Peng,
  • Wei-Han Lo,
  • Ting-Yu Liu

摘要

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor has rapidly evolved into a transformative analytical technology capable of ultrahigh sensitivity, molecular specificity, and portability, meeting growing demands across biomedical, environmental, and food safety monitoring. As the field advances, flexible SERS substrates have emerged as one of the most dynamic branches, leveraging innovations in polymeric matrices, nanomaterials, and hybrid architectures. Recent breakthroughs underscore the impact of nature-inspired designs, such as bio-mimetic replicas of insect wings, and the utilization of organic semiconductors and metallic nano-islands with precisely tuned dimensions for the optimal generation of plasmonic hotspots. These flexible substrates, often fabricated via scalable and low-cost processes, offer robust enhancement factors and reproducible performance, enabling highly sensitive and multiplexed detection on curved and non-traditional surfaces. Moreover, the integration of SERS with electrochemical protocols, especially through the combination of MOFs, gold nanoparticles, and laser-induced graphene supports, has led to synergistic improvements in detection limits and analyte selectivity, further expanding SERS utility for rapid in situ quantification of clinically and environmentally relevant molecules. Despite these advances, several challenges remain, including substrate fouling, response stability in complex matrices, and mass-manufacturing scalability. Ongoing efforts are focusing on substrate passivation, antifouling coatings, and intelligent data analytics to increase robustness and operational reproducibility. In this review, we elucidate the key design principles and landmark achievements of flexible SERS platforms as reported in recent literature, critically discuss their performance metrics, and outline future directions for real-world adoption. The convergence of advanced material science and rational device engineering poises SERS as a next-generation sensing modality for integrated, wearable, and point-of-need analytical applications, heralding a new era for molecular diagnostics and environmental monitoring.