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<p>In this research, p-type Cu<sub>2</sub>FeSnS<sub>4</sub> (CFTS) thin-film solar cells were fabricated using a cost-effective chemical spray pyrolysis technique with a p-CFTS/n-CdS/FTO architecture. The as-deposited CFTS films exhibited a tetragonal stannite phase with an average crystallite size of 18&#xa0;nm and a direct bandgap of 1.54&#xa0;eV. Experimental performance showed an efficiency of 5.23% for a 510&#xa0;nm absorber thickness. To explore the theoretical potential, a comprehensive optimization was conducted using SCAPS-1D, focusing on absorber/buffer thickness, bandgap grading, and carrier concentration. The optimization identified a critical absorber thickness of 5.0&#xa0;μm to maximize photon absorption while minimizing recombination. The ultimate simulated device achieved a benchmark efficiency of 25.52%, with V<sub>OC</sub> of 1.17&#xa0;V and J<sub>SC</sub> of 26.89&#xa0;mA/cm<sup>2</sup>, providing a roadmap for future experimental scaling of CFTS-based photovoltaics.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Numerical investigation and experimental validation of CFTS/CdS heterojunction solar cells via structural and material parameter optimization using SCAPS-1D

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月19日

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  • Abhijit A. Yadav,
  • Renuka R. Londhe,
  • Vidya Nand Singh

摘要

In this research, p-type Cu2FeSnS4 (CFTS) thin-film solar cells were fabricated using a cost-effective chemical spray pyrolysis technique with a p-CFTS/n-CdS/FTO architecture. The as-deposited CFTS films exhibited a tetragonal stannite phase with an average crystallite size of 18 nm and a direct bandgap of 1.54 eV. Experimental performance showed an efficiency of 5.23% for a 510 nm absorber thickness. To explore the theoretical potential, a comprehensive optimization was conducted using SCAPS-1D, focusing on absorber/buffer thickness, bandgap grading, and carrier concentration. The optimization identified a critical absorber thickness of 5.0 μm to maximize photon absorption while minimizing recombination. The ultimate simulated device achieved a benchmark efficiency of 25.52%, with VOC of 1.17 V and JSC of 26.89 mA/cm2, providing a roadmap for future experimental scaling of CFTS-based photovoltaics.

Graphical abstract