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<p>Iron is a critical micronutrient for plants, acting as a catalyst in key growth processes, including photosynthesis, respiration, and enzyme activation. However, iron availability is often limited due to soil oxidation and the neutral to alkaline pH of aerobic soils. This study investigates the evolutionary and functional aspects of the <i>FRO2</i> gene, which is essential for reducing Fe<sup>3</sup>⁺ to the more soluble Fe<sup>2</sup>⁺ form, thereby enhancing iron uptake in plants. A genome-wide analysis in <i>Oryza sativa</i>, alongside comparisons with <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, <i>Solanum lycopersicum</i>, <i>Sorghum bicolor</i>, and <i>Zea mays</i>, revealed significant <i>FRO2</i> gene diversity across these species, organized into four main phylogenetic clusters. We identified 58 <i>FRO2</i> genes with conserved domains, supporting their functionality across species. Expression analysis of cis-regulatory elements, including the TATA-box and CAAT-box, pointed to role of <i>FRO2</i> in abiotic stress responses and hormonal regulation. Ka/Ks analysis indicated purifying selection, underscoring the conserved role of gene. The findings highlight the evolutionary adaptation of <i>FRO2</i> genes, suggesting that their functionality in <i>Oryza sativa</i> can be extrapolated to other species in Poaceae, Solanaceae, and Brassicaceae. These insights offer a foundation for biofortification strategies aimed at improving iron content and stress resilience in crops, advancing crop breeding efforts under iron-limiting conditions.</p>

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Evolutionary and functional insights into FRO2 genes in Oryza sativa: comparative in silico analysis of iron uptake mechanisms across plant species

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月17日

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  • Chakkarai Sathyaseelan,
  • Saranya Nallusamy,
  • Gunaseelan Kannusamy,
  • Lalitha Chidambaram,
  • Reshmi Remadevi,
  • Varanavasiappan Shanmugam

摘要

Iron is a critical micronutrient for plants, acting as a catalyst in key growth processes, including photosynthesis, respiration, and enzyme activation. However, iron availability is often limited due to soil oxidation and the neutral to alkaline pH of aerobic soils. This study investigates the evolutionary and functional aspects of the FRO2 gene, which is essential for reducing Fe3⁺ to the more soluble Fe2⁺ form, thereby enhancing iron uptake in plants. A genome-wide analysis in Oryza sativa, alongside comparisons with Arabidopsis thaliana, Solanum lycopersicum, Sorghum bicolor, and Zea mays, revealed significant FRO2 gene diversity across these species, organized into four main phylogenetic clusters. We identified 58 FRO2 genes with conserved domains, supporting their functionality across species. Expression analysis of cis-regulatory elements, including the TATA-box and CAAT-box, pointed to role of FRO2 in abiotic stress responses and hormonal regulation. Ka/Ks analysis indicated purifying selection, underscoring the conserved role of gene. The findings highlight the evolutionary adaptation of FRO2 genes, suggesting that their functionality in Oryza sativa can be extrapolated to other species in Poaceae, Solanaceae, and Brassicaceae. These insights offer a foundation for biofortification strategies aimed at improving iron content and stress resilience in crops, advancing crop breeding efforts under iron-limiting conditions.