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<p>There is a growing demand for alternative therapeutic strategies beyond conventional antibiotics due to the acceleration in threat of antimicrobial resistance. In recent years, carbohydrate-functionalized gold nanoparticles (glyco-AuNPs) have gained considerable interest owing to their biocompatibility, tunable surface reactivity, and broad-spectrum antimicrobial property. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis, functionalization, mechanisms of action, and biomedical applications of glyco-AuNPs using monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. The review critically evaluates the antimicrobial mechanisms of glyco-AuNPs, including membrane disruption, reactive oxygen species generation, biofilm inhibition, and targeted microbial interactions, while distinguishing experimentally validated pathways from proposed mechanisms. Current development on antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and wound-healing applications are discussed, with representative studies demonstrating their effectiveness against multidrug-resistant pathogens. Despite promising results, several challenges hinder clinical translation, including large-scale synthesis, reproducibility, long-term toxicity, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and regulatory considerations. Future opportunities in glyco-engineering, targeted drug delivery, multifunctional theranostics, and scalable green manufacturing are also highlighted. Overall, this review provides critical insights into the potential of glyco-AuNPs as next-generation antimicrobial nanotherapeutics and outlines key research directions for their successful clinical implementation.</p>

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Glyco functionalized gold nanoparticles for mechanistic understanding antimicrobial efficacy and translational applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月2日

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  • Sumana Pal,
  • Anubhab Barat,
  • Rayesha Saha,
  • Samarthya Panigrahi,
  • Dindyal Mandal,
  • Priti Sundar Mohanty,
  • Satyabrata Si

摘要

There is a growing demand for alternative therapeutic strategies beyond conventional antibiotics due to the acceleration in threat of antimicrobial resistance. In recent years, carbohydrate-functionalized gold nanoparticles (glyco-AuNPs) have gained considerable interest owing to their biocompatibility, tunable surface reactivity, and broad-spectrum antimicrobial property. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis, functionalization, mechanisms of action, and biomedical applications of glyco-AuNPs using monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. The review critically evaluates the antimicrobial mechanisms of glyco-AuNPs, including membrane disruption, reactive oxygen species generation, biofilm inhibition, and targeted microbial interactions, while distinguishing experimentally validated pathways from proposed mechanisms. Current development on antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and wound-healing applications are discussed, with representative studies demonstrating their effectiveness against multidrug-resistant pathogens. Despite promising results, several challenges hinder clinical translation, including large-scale synthesis, reproducibility, long-term toxicity, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and regulatory considerations. Future opportunities in glyco-engineering, targeted drug delivery, multifunctional theranostics, and scalable green manufacturing are also highlighted. Overall, this review provides critical insights into the potential of glyco-AuNPs as next-generation antimicrobial nanotherapeutics and outlines key research directions for their successful clinical implementation.