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<p>Water pollution remains a critical global challenge driven by rapid industrialization, agricultural intensification, and urban expansion. Aquatic macrophyte-based bioremediation has emerged as a sustainable and cost-effective strategy for the treatment of contaminated water systems. This review systematically evaluates the functional classification of macrophytes and elucidates their roles in pollutant removal through mechanisms such as phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, and microbially mediated degradation. Analysis of reported studies indicates that macrophyte-based systems can achieve high removal efficiencies for conventional pollutants, often exceeding 70–90% for nutrients, organic matter, and selected heavy metals under optimized conditions. However, the removal of emerging contaminants, including pharmaceuticals and microplastics, remains variable and largely compound-specific. Operational parameters such as hydraulic retention time, plant density, and environmental conditions are identified as key factors governing treatment performance. Evidence from constructed wetland applications further demonstrates their potential for large-scale wastewater treatment, although challenges related to clogging, seasonal variability, and biomass management persist. Recent advancements integrating nanotechnology, microbial consortia, and hybrid wetland systems show promise in enhancing treatment efficiency. Overall, macrophyte-based systems represent an effective nature-based solution, though their optimization and integration with advanced technologies are essential for addressing complex and emerging pollutants.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Harnessing aquatic macrophytes for water pollution remediation through constructed wetlands and future perspectives

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Archana Sahu,
  • Tomeshwar Prasad,
  • Pradeep Kumar Ghosh,
  • Milan Hait

摘要

Water pollution remains a critical global challenge driven by rapid industrialization, agricultural intensification, and urban expansion. Aquatic macrophyte-based bioremediation has emerged as a sustainable and cost-effective strategy for the treatment of contaminated water systems. This review systematically evaluates the functional classification of macrophytes and elucidates their roles in pollutant removal through mechanisms such as phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, and microbially mediated degradation. Analysis of reported studies indicates that macrophyte-based systems can achieve high removal efficiencies for conventional pollutants, often exceeding 70–90% for nutrients, organic matter, and selected heavy metals under optimized conditions. However, the removal of emerging contaminants, including pharmaceuticals and microplastics, remains variable and largely compound-specific. Operational parameters such as hydraulic retention time, plant density, and environmental conditions are identified as key factors governing treatment performance. Evidence from constructed wetland applications further demonstrates their potential for large-scale wastewater treatment, although challenges related to clogging, seasonal variability, and biomass management persist. Recent advancements integrating nanotechnology, microbial consortia, and hybrid wetland systems show promise in enhancing treatment efficiency. Overall, macrophyte-based systems represent an effective nature-based solution, though their optimization and integration with advanced technologies are essential for addressing complex and emerging pollutants.

Graphical Abstract