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<p>Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination of soil poses significant environmental challenges. The high cost and low efficiency of conventional remediation methods necessitate cost-effective and sustainable remediation strategies. This study evaluated synergistic effects of agricultural waste-derived amendments on crude oil-contaminated soil over 60 days. Following a preliminary screening to determine optimal concentrations, eight amendment strategies were compared: control (unamended), three single amendments (rice husk biochar (RHB), cow horn biochar (CHB), cattle rumen content (CRC)), three dual combinations (RHB + CHB, RHB + CRC, CHB + CRC), and one triple combination (RHB + CHB+CRC). Amendments were applied at optimized concentrations (20% w/w for biochars, 10% w/w for CRC) established from initial screening experiments. Amendment performance followed the order: triple amendment &gt; dual amendment &gt; single amendment &gt; control. The triple amendment combination demonstrated superior performance, achieving 72.6% and 91.8% removal at days 30 and 60, respectively. Dual combinations showed intermediate effectiveness (67.4–91.5% removal), single amendments exhibited moderate performance (38.8–82.7%), while natural attenuation (unamended control) accounted for 7.4–27.8%. The dual biochar system (RHB + CHB) achieved 91.5% TPH removal at day 60, significantly exceeding both RHB alone (57.7%, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) and CHB alone (71.4%, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01), indicating positive interactions. Despite the increased TPH removal by RHB (57.7%) and CRC (82.7%), their combination (81.8%) did not exceed CRC alone, suggesting limited additional benefit. These findings demonstrate that optimized agricultural waste amendments can substantially enhance hydrocarbon remediation, offering sustainable and cost-effective alternatives for contaminated soil management.</p>

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Synergistic amendment strategy for enhanced remediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils using optimized biochar and cattle rumen content combinations

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月16日

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  • Faustina Onyeyirichi Iniaghe,
  • Paschal Okiroro Iniaghe,
  • Godswill Okeoghene Tesi,
  • Wisdom Ivwurie

摘要

Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination of soil poses significant environmental challenges. The high cost and low efficiency of conventional remediation methods necessitate cost-effective and sustainable remediation strategies. This study evaluated synergistic effects of agricultural waste-derived amendments on crude oil-contaminated soil over 60 days. Following a preliminary screening to determine optimal concentrations, eight amendment strategies were compared: control (unamended), three single amendments (rice husk biochar (RHB), cow horn biochar (CHB), cattle rumen content (CRC)), three dual combinations (RHB + CHB, RHB + CRC, CHB + CRC), and one triple combination (RHB + CHB+CRC). Amendments were applied at optimized concentrations (20% w/w for biochars, 10% w/w for CRC) established from initial screening experiments. Amendment performance followed the order: triple amendment > dual amendment > single amendment > control. The triple amendment combination demonstrated superior performance, achieving 72.6% and 91.8% removal at days 30 and 60, respectively. Dual combinations showed intermediate effectiveness (67.4–91.5% removal), single amendments exhibited moderate performance (38.8–82.7%), while natural attenuation (unamended control) accounted for 7.4–27.8%. The dual biochar system (RHB + CHB) achieved 91.5% TPH removal at day 60, significantly exceeding both RHB alone (57.7%, p < 0.01) and CHB alone (71.4%, p < 0.01), indicating positive interactions. Despite the increased TPH removal by RHB (57.7%) and CRC (82.7%), their combination (81.8%) did not exceed CRC alone, suggesting limited additional benefit. These findings demonstrate that optimized agricultural waste amendments can substantially enhance hydrocarbon remediation, offering sustainable and cost-effective alternatives for contaminated soil management.