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<p>The transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy requires sustainable feedstocks and environmentally benign catalysts. In this study, biodiesel was produced from <i>Jatropha curcas</i> L. seed oil via ethanolysis using magnesium oxide (MgO) nanocatalysts synthesized through a dual-plant green route employing <i>Mangiferaindica</i> and <i>Carica papaya</i> leaf extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents. XRD analysis confirmed the predominant formation of cubic MgO (periclase structure) with minor secondary phases attributed to residual Mg(OH)₂ and an average weighted crystallite size of 17.7&#xa0;nm. Peak broadening indicated nanoscale crystallinity, which is typically associated with increased surface basic site availability.SEM analysis revealed a porous but agglomerated morphology, which may enhance surface accessibility but could reduce effective active surface area due to particle clustering, while EDS confirmed near-stoichiometric Mg and O composition with trace carbon residues attributable to phytochemical templating. Transesterification was performed at an ethanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6:1, catalyst loading of 3&#xa0;wt%, temperature of 60&#xa0;°C, and reaction time of 1&#xa0;h, yielding 70.3 ± 1.2% biodiesel under non-optimized conditions. These parameters were selected as baseline values based on commonly reported literature ranges to ensure sufficient reaction progress while minimizing side reactions. The results indicate moderate catalytic activity, highlighting the need for further optimization to enhance biodiesel yield.FTIR analysis verified successful conversion of triglycerides to fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs). The produced biodiesel exhibited density (0.86&#xa0;g/cm3 at 25&#xa0;°C), viscosity (3.72&#xa0;mm2/s at 40&#xa0;°C), acid value (0.47&#xa0;mg KOH/g), and flash point (140&#xa0;°C) all within ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 limits, although cold-flow properties requirefurtherimprovement. This study demonstrates that dual-plant green synthesis influences MgOnanocatalyst structure and catalytic performance, offering a sustainable pathway for biodiesel production from non-edible feedstocks.</p>

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Green-synthesized MgO nanocatalysts for biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月20日

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  • Kingsley E. Apuyor,
  • Augustine K. Asiagwu,
  • Charles Otobrise,
  • Stanley E. Apuyor

摘要

The transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy requires sustainable feedstocks and environmentally benign catalysts. In this study, biodiesel was produced from Jatropha curcas L. seed oil via ethanolysis using magnesium oxide (MgO) nanocatalysts synthesized through a dual-plant green route employing Mangiferaindica and Carica papaya leaf extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents. XRD analysis confirmed the predominant formation of cubic MgO (periclase structure) with minor secondary phases attributed to residual Mg(OH)₂ and an average weighted crystallite size of 17.7 nm. Peak broadening indicated nanoscale crystallinity, which is typically associated with increased surface basic site availability.SEM analysis revealed a porous but agglomerated morphology, which may enhance surface accessibility but could reduce effective active surface area due to particle clustering, while EDS confirmed near-stoichiometric Mg and O composition with trace carbon residues attributable to phytochemical templating. Transesterification was performed at an ethanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6:1, catalyst loading of 3 wt%, temperature of 60 °C, and reaction time of 1 h, yielding 70.3 ± 1.2% biodiesel under non-optimized conditions. These parameters were selected as baseline values based on commonly reported literature ranges to ensure sufficient reaction progress while minimizing side reactions. The results indicate moderate catalytic activity, highlighting the need for further optimization to enhance biodiesel yield.FTIR analysis verified successful conversion of triglycerides to fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs). The produced biodiesel exhibited density (0.86 g/cm3 at 25 °C), viscosity (3.72 mm2/s at 40 °C), acid value (0.47 mg KOH/g), and flash point (140 °C) all within ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 limits, although cold-flow properties requirefurtherimprovement. This study demonstrates that dual-plant green synthesis influences MgOnanocatalyst structure and catalytic performance, offering a sustainable pathway for biodiesel production from non-edible feedstocks.