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<p>Ammonia pollution poses serious environmental and health risks, particularly in water bodies receiving agricultural and industrial discharge. Conventional removal methods often suffer from high costs and secondary pollution. This study investigates the adsorption performance of garlic peel-based biosorbents for ammonia removal from aqueous solutions. The garlic-derived adsorbent exhibited a high adsorption capacity of 29.33&#xa0;mg/g and achieved 62% removal efficiency using just 1&#xa0;g of adsorbent. Among equilibrium models, the Langmuir isotherm provided the best fit (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.94), with model constants q<sub>m</sub>ₐₓ = 29.33&#xa0;mg/g and k<sub>L</sub> = 0.0043 L/mg, and showed the lowest values in error metrics (Sum of Squared Errors = 3.0 × 10⁻<sup>5</sup>, Sum of absolute error = 0.00698, Hybrid fractional error function = 0.000188). While the Temkin model had a high R<sup>2</sup> (0.96), it exhibited poor error metrics, indicating its inadequacy for this system. In kinetic modeling, the pseudo-second-order model yielded the highest correlation (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.99) with an estimated capacity of q₂ = 6.62&#xa0;mg/g and a rate constant k₂ = 0.0034&#xa0;g/mg·min, suggesting a chemisorption-dominated mechanism. However, based on goodness-of-fit error analysis, the Langmuir isotherm model outperformed both kinetic models in predicting experimental behavior. Comparative analysis showed that the garlic biosorbent surpassed other reported biosorbents, such as coconut fiber (40% removal), orange peel (20%), and several biochar-based materials (e.g., pig manure biochar: 13.66&#xa0;mg/g), in both adsorption capacity and efficiency. The adsorbent also demonstrated good reusability, maintaining &gt; 24&#xa0;mg/g capacity over three cycles, and showed a capacity of 17.52&#xa0;mg/g in real wastewater conditions, confirming its potential applicability for aquaculture effluent treatment. Overall, the garlic-based biosorbent presents a low-cost, efficient, and sustainable solution for ammonia remediation, with performance metrics exceeding many conventional adsorbents.</p>

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Exploring garlic peel as a potential adsorbent for ammonia removal: a green and sustainable approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月8日

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  • Fatemeh Soleymani-Bonoti,
  • Shakiba Salehzadeh

摘要

Ammonia pollution poses serious environmental and health risks, particularly in water bodies receiving agricultural and industrial discharge. Conventional removal methods often suffer from high costs and secondary pollution. This study investigates the adsorption performance of garlic peel-based biosorbents for ammonia removal from aqueous solutions. The garlic-derived adsorbent exhibited a high adsorption capacity of 29.33 mg/g and achieved 62% removal efficiency using just 1 g of adsorbent. Among equilibrium models, the Langmuir isotherm provided the best fit (R2 = 0.94), with model constants qmₐₓ = 29.33 mg/g and kL = 0.0043 L/mg, and showed the lowest values in error metrics (Sum of Squared Errors = 3.0 × 10⁻5, Sum of absolute error = 0.00698, Hybrid fractional error function = 0.000188). While the Temkin model had a high R2 (0.96), it exhibited poor error metrics, indicating its inadequacy for this system. In kinetic modeling, the pseudo-second-order model yielded the highest correlation (R2 = 0.99) with an estimated capacity of q₂ = 6.62 mg/g and a rate constant k₂ = 0.0034 g/mg·min, suggesting a chemisorption-dominated mechanism. However, based on goodness-of-fit error analysis, the Langmuir isotherm model outperformed both kinetic models in predicting experimental behavior. Comparative analysis showed that the garlic biosorbent surpassed other reported biosorbents, such as coconut fiber (40% removal), orange peel (20%), and several biochar-based materials (e.g., pig manure biochar: 13.66 mg/g), in both adsorption capacity and efficiency. The adsorbent also demonstrated good reusability, maintaining > 24 mg/g capacity over three cycles, and showed a capacity of 17.52 mg/g in real wastewater conditions, confirming its potential applicability for aquaculture effluent treatment. Overall, the garlic-based biosorbent presents a low-cost, efficient, and sustainable solution for ammonia remediation, with performance metrics exceeding many conventional adsorbents.