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<p>The growing resistance to anthelmintic drugs highlights the urgent need for new, plant-derived therapeutics. This study investigates the synergistic anthelmintic activity of <i>Croton penduliflorus</i> stem bark extracts. Soxhlet extraction yielded 3.06% from the stem bark, with phytochemical screening revealing sterols as dominant constituents. The stem bark extract showed strong activity against <i>Eudrilus eugeniae</i>, causing paralysis and death within 8 ± 0.6 and 15 ± 0.5&#xa0;min respectively at 100&#xa0;mg/mL, with the ethyl acetate fraction being the most potent. GC–MS profiling identified key bioactive phytoconstituents including hexadecanamide, oleamide, and 1-heptacosanol—compounds known to disrupt membrane integrity, induce oxidative stress, and interfere with neuromuscular function. Molecular docking showed moderate binding affinity to β-tubulin, while molecular dynamics simulations revealed short-lived protein-ligand interactions, suggesting a non-exclusive tubulin targeting mechanism. The rapid anthelmintic response, combined with effects among fatty acid amides, sterols, and phenolics, suggests a multifactorial mode of action. These results support the traditional use of <i>C. penduliflorus</i> and underscore its stem bark as a promising source of synergistically acting lead compounds for novel anthelmintic drug development.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Synergistic action of phytoconstituents drives the anthelmintic potential of Croton penduliflorus stem bark extracts

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月26日

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  • Kwadwo Owusu,
  • Stephenson Obeng Owusu,
  • Jehoshaphat Oppong Mensah,
  • Michael Konney Laryea,
  • Lawrence Sheringham Borquaye

摘要

The growing resistance to anthelmintic drugs highlights the urgent need for new, plant-derived therapeutics. This study investigates the synergistic anthelmintic activity of Croton penduliflorus stem bark extracts. Soxhlet extraction yielded 3.06% from the stem bark, with phytochemical screening revealing sterols as dominant constituents. The stem bark extract showed strong activity against Eudrilus eugeniae, causing paralysis and death within 8 ± 0.6 and 15 ± 0.5 min respectively at 100 mg/mL, with the ethyl acetate fraction being the most potent. GC–MS profiling identified key bioactive phytoconstituents including hexadecanamide, oleamide, and 1-heptacosanol—compounds known to disrupt membrane integrity, induce oxidative stress, and interfere with neuromuscular function. Molecular docking showed moderate binding affinity to β-tubulin, while molecular dynamics simulations revealed short-lived protein-ligand interactions, suggesting a non-exclusive tubulin targeting mechanism. The rapid anthelmintic response, combined with effects among fatty acid amides, sterols, and phenolics, suggests a multifactorial mode of action. These results support the traditional use of C. penduliflorus and underscore its stem bark as a promising source of synergistically acting lead compounds for novel anthelmintic drug development.

Graphical abstract