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<p><i>Actinopyga lecanora</i> hydrolysates (ALH), rich in hydrophobic amino acids with antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase properties, have poor solubility and limited applicability on skin. This study optimized an ALH-loaded nanoemulsion using a five-factor D-optimal mixture design, with particle size selected as the response. The independent variables were oil phase (SO: AO, 9:1), ALH, surfactant mix (Tween 80:Span 80, 8:2), xanthan gum, and water. The quadratic model showed excellent fit (F = 249.03, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001, R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9956) with no significant lack of fit, confirming its reliability. The optimized formulation (SO: AO 10.00%, ALH 1.00%, T80:S80 13.75%, xanthan gum 0.87%, water 73.69%) produced a particle size of 139.80&#xa0;nm, in close agreement with the predicted value of 137.30&#xa0;nm (RSE = 1.79%). The nanoemulsion exhibited pseudoplastic behaviour with a pH of 5.38 and good storage stability. In vitro permeation showed 66.48% ALH release after 8&#xa0;h, while antioxidant (DPPH and FRAP) and anti-tyrosinase activities increased significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) compared with blank formulations. Overall, the validated D-optimal design successfully produced a stable and bioactive ALH nanoemulsion with particle size within the optimal range (100–200&#xa0;nm) for cosmetic application, supporting its potential use as a cosmeceutical ingredient.</p>

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Optimization of Actinopyga lecanora hydroysates-loaded nanoemulsion formulation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月16日

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  • Aqilah Noor Bahari,
  • Norazlinaliza Salim,
  • Siti Efliza Ashari,
  • Nazamid Saari

摘要

Actinopyga lecanora hydrolysates (ALH), rich in hydrophobic amino acids with antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase properties, have poor solubility and limited applicability on skin. This study optimized an ALH-loaded nanoemulsion using a five-factor D-optimal mixture design, with particle size selected as the response. The independent variables were oil phase (SO: AO, 9:1), ALH, surfactant mix (Tween 80:Span 80, 8:2), xanthan gum, and water. The quadratic model showed excellent fit (F = 249.03, p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.9956) with no significant lack of fit, confirming its reliability. The optimized formulation (SO: AO 10.00%, ALH 1.00%, T80:S80 13.75%, xanthan gum 0.87%, water 73.69%) produced a particle size of 139.80 nm, in close agreement with the predicted value of 137.30 nm (RSE = 1.79%). The nanoemulsion exhibited pseudoplastic behaviour with a pH of 5.38 and good storage stability. In vitro permeation showed 66.48% ALH release after 8 h, while antioxidant (DPPH and FRAP) and anti-tyrosinase activities increased significantly (p < 0.05) compared with blank formulations. Overall, the validated D-optimal design successfully produced a stable and bioactive ALH nanoemulsion with particle size within the optimal range (100–200 nm) for cosmetic application, supporting its potential use as a cosmeceutical ingredient.