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<p>New approaches to enable the application of carbon catalysts in advanced water treatment processes have gained increasing attention. Additive manufacturing, particularly 3D printing, offers a pathway to transform powder catalysts into macrostructured forms. Carbon-based materials have demonstrated significant promise as catalysts for the degradation of organic pollutants through ozonation. This study evaluates the performance of 3D-printed carbon-based catalysts (3DPCCs) in the ozonation of oxalic acid (OxAc), a recalcitrant organic compound. While these catalysts initially exhibited limited mechanical stability under reaction conditions optimised for powder catalysts, adjustments were made to the system to enhance performance. A novel stirrer equipped with a perforated case was designed and operated at 200&#xa0;rpm in a semi-batch reactor setup. This configuration enabled promise ozonation of OxAc, achieving a 90% removal rate within 180&#xa0;min, thus confirming the catalytic efficacy of 3DPCCs under optimised conditions.</p>

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A novel stirrer for feasible use of 3D-printed carbon-based catalysts within semi-batch systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月3日

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  • José R. M. Barbosa,
  • Manuel F. R. Pereira,
  • Ana Mafalda Ribeiro,
  • Olívia S. G. P. Soares

摘要

New approaches to enable the application of carbon catalysts in advanced water treatment processes have gained increasing attention. Additive manufacturing, particularly 3D printing, offers a pathway to transform powder catalysts into macrostructured forms. Carbon-based materials have demonstrated significant promise as catalysts for the degradation of organic pollutants through ozonation. This study evaluates the performance of 3D-printed carbon-based catalysts (3DPCCs) in the ozonation of oxalic acid (OxAc), a recalcitrant organic compound. While these catalysts initially exhibited limited mechanical stability under reaction conditions optimised for powder catalysts, adjustments were made to the system to enhance performance. A novel stirrer equipped with a perforated case was designed and operated at 200 rpm in a semi-batch reactor setup. This configuration enabled promise ozonation of OxAc, achieving a 90% removal rate within 180 min, thus confirming the catalytic efficacy of 3DPCCs under optimised conditions.