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<p>Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of highly persistent organic pollutants characterized by their strong C–F bonds, which confer exceptional chemical stability and resistance to conventional degradation processes. These compounds are widely detected in water bodies and accumulate in the environment and food chain, raising significant health and ecological concerns. This review critically examines recent advancements in PFAS remediation technologies, with a particular focus on catalytic degradation approaches such as electrochemical, thermal, photocatalytic, and biocatalytic treatments. While thermal and electrochemical techniques achieve high removal efficiency, they are often energy-intensive and may generate harmful byproducts. Enzymatic and microbial methods, on the other hand, offer energy-efficient and low-cost alternatives but still face challenges in achieving complete mineralization. Adsorption remains a widely applied strategy but does not destroy PFAS, instead it merely shifts the contaminants to a different medium. This review also highlights the importance of understanding PFAS physicochemical properties and interaction mechanisms such as electrostatic binding and hydrophobic partitioning for the design of more effective materials and processes. Hybrid systems that integrate adsorption with catalytic degradation are emerging as promising solutions for achieving full PFAS elimination. However, the real-world application of these technologies remains limited due to factors such as catalyst fouling, matrix complexity, and scalability. In addition, although LC-MS/MS remains the gold standard for PFAS detection, there is an urgent need to develop more cost-effective and sensitive analytical techniques to support large-scale monitoring. By identifying current limitations and suggesting practical strategies for improvement, this review aims to support the development of more efficient, scalable, and sustainable PFAS treatment systems.</p>

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Catalytic and biological degradation of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in water treatment: recent advances and future challenges

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月14日

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  • Lara Dronjak,
  • Kareem Mazen,
  • Gopal Venkatesh,
  • Maria Moyet,
  • Fatin Samara,
  • Sofian Kanan

摘要

Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of highly persistent organic pollutants characterized by their strong C–F bonds, which confer exceptional chemical stability and resistance to conventional degradation processes. These compounds are widely detected in water bodies and accumulate in the environment and food chain, raising significant health and ecological concerns. This review critically examines recent advancements in PFAS remediation technologies, with a particular focus on catalytic degradation approaches such as electrochemical, thermal, photocatalytic, and biocatalytic treatments. While thermal and electrochemical techniques achieve high removal efficiency, they are often energy-intensive and may generate harmful byproducts. Enzymatic and microbial methods, on the other hand, offer energy-efficient and low-cost alternatives but still face challenges in achieving complete mineralization. Adsorption remains a widely applied strategy but does not destroy PFAS, instead it merely shifts the contaminants to a different medium. This review also highlights the importance of understanding PFAS physicochemical properties and interaction mechanisms such as electrostatic binding and hydrophobic partitioning for the design of more effective materials and processes. Hybrid systems that integrate adsorption with catalytic degradation are emerging as promising solutions for achieving full PFAS elimination. However, the real-world application of these technologies remains limited due to factors such as catalyst fouling, matrix complexity, and scalability. In addition, although LC-MS/MS remains the gold standard for PFAS detection, there is an urgent need to develop more cost-effective and sensitive analytical techniques to support large-scale monitoring. By identifying current limitations and suggesting practical strategies for improvement, this review aims to support the development of more efficient, scalable, and sustainable PFAS treatment systems.