<p>The declining of non-renewable resources owing to their rising demand has led to worldwide energy crises. However, despite their lack of financial and technological elasticity, sustainable energy sources are not being utilized to the maximum. There are constraints due to which alternative energy generation technologies have been the subject of research. One of the approaches that hold great promise is Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) technology; it employs microorganisms that catalytically oxidize complex carbon substrates. In this process, they convert the chemical energy of the metabolized substrates into electrical energy. Recent studies demonstrated that MFCs have a broad range of carbon substrates, among which, organic waste products are usually preferred to generate electrical energy. This development is not merely confined to a variety of complex carbon energy sources, it also offers a sustainable alternative to wastewater treatment methods. The integration of cutting-edge bioremediation approaches along with MFC technology will improve its applicability and efficiency. This review article provides a critical assessment of MFC technology as a means of long-term sustainable energy generation. It deals with the correlation of various microbial communities to the production of the overall energy, the utilization of the various categories of organic wastes and xenobiotics as substrates. Moreover, the review focuses both pros and cons on MFC technology as well challenges in broad-spectrum implementation and the technological enhancements required to make it feasible are also discussed.</p>