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Background <p>Formaldehyde (FA) inhalation and sleep deprivation (SD) exposure has raised concern about industrial and medical occupational safety, considering its serious menaces to human health. Our animal model replicates human occupational exposure to FA inhalation and SD. Thus, the synergistic mechanism of FA inhalation and SD exposure in inducing pulmonary cytotoxicity, behavioral changes, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in Wistar rat models was investigated in this study.</p> Methods <p>We randomly assigned twenty healthy male Wistar rats (weighing = 130 ± 10&#xa0;g) into one of two groups (<i>n</i> = 10): Con-group (control, received standard rat chow); 8-hr-group (concurrent nonstop exposure to SD and 20%FA inhalation, 8&#xa0;h daily, from day 1 to 90). SD was done by keeping animals in plastic cages with platforms, that were filled with water to 1&#xa0;cm below the platform while 20% formalin exposure was done via inhalation. Animal from each group were weighed to obtain weight and thereafter, behavioral, biochemical, immunohistochemistry and histomorphology were evaluated.</p> Results <p>This study reveals that FA inhalation and SD exposure induce severe oxidative stress in lung tissues, leading to inflammation, apoptotic damage, and respiratory dysfunction. Also, hippocampal neurotoxicity was observed, characterized by impaired locomotor activity and memory, alongside dysregulated neurotransmitter levels. These includes decreased dopamine and serotonin concentrations and disproportionate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release. Furthermore, histopathological analysis shows degenerative changes in hippocampal neurons, amyloid beta deposition, and increased Tau and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity.</p> Conclusion <p>These findings underline the grave occupational and medical hazards posed by FA inhalation and SD exposure, emphasizing the urgent need for stringent safety measures and further research into mitigating their adverse health impacts.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Synergistic mechanism of formaldehyde inhalation and sleep deprivation on lung cytotoxicity and hippocampal neurodegeneration in Wistar rats

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月26日

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  • Joseph Igbo Enya,
  • Olusegun G. Adebayo,
  • Kingsley Dominic Esu,
  • Ezekiel Olumide Hamzat,
  • Michael Anozie Amadi,
  • Evelyn Evi Omodero,
  • Helen Bassey Akpan,
  • Sunday Okon Elijah,
  • Ijeoma Onyeleonu,
  • Emmanuel Esom,
  • Matthew Fidelis Egwu,
  • Dagogo Peter Finebone,
  • Fubara Blessing Tamunoibelema,
  • Leviticus Oghenevurinrin Arietarhire,
  • Babatunde Samuel Adeyemi,
  • Toluwanimi Omolara Afolabi

摘要

Background

Formaldehyde (FA) inhalation and sleep deprivation (SD) exposure has raised concern about industrial and medical occupational safety, considering its serious menaces to human health. Our animal model replicates human occupational exposure to FA inhalation and SD. Thus, the synergistic mechanism of FA inhalation and SD exposure in inducing pulmonary cytotoxicity, behavioral changes, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in Wistar rat models was investigated in this study.

Methods

We randomly assigned twenty healthy male Wistar rats (weighing = 130 ± 10 g) into one of two groups (n = 10): Con-group (control, received standard rat chow); 8-hr-group (concurrent nonstop exposure to SD and 20%FA inhalation, 8 h daily, from day 1 to 90). SD was done by keeping animals in plastic cages with platforms, that were filled with water to 1 cm below the platform while 20% formalin exposure was done via inhalation. Animal from each group were weighed to obtain weight and thereafter, behavioral, biochemical, immunohistochemistry and histomorphology were evaluated.

Results

This study reveals that FA inhalation and SD exposure induce severe oxidative stress in lung tissues, leading to inflammation, apoptotic damage, and respiratory dysfunction. Also, hippocampal neurotoxicity was observed, characterized by impaired locomotor activity and memory, alongside dysregulated neurotransmitter levels. These includes decreased dopamine and serotonin concentrations and disproportionate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release. Furthermore, histopathological analysis shows degenerative changes in hippocampal neurons, amyloid beta deposition, and increased Tau and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity.

Conclusion

These findings underline the grave occupational and medical hazards posed by FA inhalation and SD exposure, emphasizing the urgent need for stringent safety measures and further research into mitigating their adverse health impacts.

Graphical abstract