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<p>This paper reviews graphene-based terahertz (THz) metasurfaces for holographic beamforming in next-generation communication systems, including 6G/7G, UAV, and satellite networks. These metasurfaces provide tunable plasmonic responses, strong electromagnetic confinement, and dynamic control over phase, amplitude, and polarization. THz graphene metasurfaces have tunable plasmonic responses, confinement, and control over phase, amplitude, and polarization that enable functionalities beyond traditional antennas and metasurfaces. This review concerns the mechanisms of dynamic beam manipulation in graphene-based THz metasurfaces, specifically beam scanning, Pancharatnam–Berry (PB) phase-controlled focusing, and advanced holographic representations that can be implemented under realistic biasing and material limitations. This paper reviews the current state of beam scanning, <i>Efficient</i> Pancharatnam–Berry (PB) phase-locked focusing, dual holography, and multi-spin holography, as well as ultra-thin, ultra-<i>Efficient</i> metasurfaces based on graphene and Vanadium dioxide (VO₂). Previous reviews focused on device demonstrations or material property discussions in a disaggregated fashion. This review presents an integrated system-level review and identifies the materials and design, tunability, biasing, and EM performance trade-offs in THz metasurface designs, revealing the dominant performance limitations in phase manipulation, Fermi level control, quality, bandwidth and attenuation. These gaps are attributed to non-uniform bias, THz absorption, slow carrier mobility, and switching limitations, as well as incomplete realization of full 2D holographic beamforming. This review aims to articulate a design framework to illustrate the synthesis of these limitations and integrated system designs focused on scalable system architecture to improve insights on practical system trade-offs. The synthesis in this review should guide metasurface-enabled communications, integrated THz antennas, patterned phase control, and large-scale biasing networks. An analysis of future research directions on scalable fabrication, ultrafast gating, hybrid PB–propagation meta-atoms, and multi-beam holography is presented. This forms an excellent basis for the construction of intelligent THz transceivers for next-generation wireless technologies requiring high mobility and high capacity.</p>

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Graphene-based terahertz metasurfaces for holographic beamforming a review for ultra-high-speed and low-latency applications

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月21日

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  • Muhammad Mehmood Ul Haq,
  • Fanuel Elias,
  • Sunday Ekpo

摘要

This paper reviews graphene-based terahertz (THz) metasurfaces for holographic beamforming in next-generation communication systems, including 6G/7G, UAV, and satellite networks. These metasurfaces provide tunable plasmonic responses, strong electromagnetic confinement, and dynamic control over phase, amplitude, and polarization. THz graphene metasurfaces have tunable plasmonic responses, confinement, and control over phase, amplitude, and polarization that enable functionalities beyond traditional antennas and metasurfaces. This review concerns the mechanisms of dynamic beam manipulation in graphene-based THz metasurfaces, specifically beam scanning, Pancharatnam–Berry (PB) phase-controlled focusing, and advanced holographic representations that can be implemented under realistic biasing and material limitations. This paper reviews the current state of beam scanning, Efficient Pancharatnam–Berry (PB) phase-locked focusing, dual holography, and multi-spin holography, as well as ultra-thin, ultra-Efficient metasurfaces based on graphene and Vanadium dioxide (VO₂). Previous reviews focused on device demonstrations or material property discussions in a disaggregated fashion. This review presents an integrated system-level review and identifies the materials and design, tunability, biasing, and EM performance trade-offs in THz metasurface designs, revealing the dominant performance limitations in phase manipulation, Fermi level control, quality, bandwidth and attenuation. These gaps are attributed to non-uniform bias, THz absorption, slow carrier mobility, and switching limitations, as well as incomplete realization of full 2D holographic beamforming. This review aims to articulate a design framework to illustrate the synthesis of these limitations and integrated system designs focused on scalable system architecture to improve insights on practical system trade-offs. The synthesis in this review should guide metasurface-enabled communications, integrated THz antennas, patterned phase control, and large-scale biasing networks. An analysis of future research directions on scalable fabrication, ultrafast gating, hybrid PB–propagation meta-atoms, and multi-beam holography is presented. This forms an excellent basis for the construction of intelligent THz transceivers for next-generation wireless technologies requiring high mobility and high capacity.