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<p>Monitoring changes in the brain is fundamental for diagnosing brain diseases, selecting appropriate treatments, and long-term management of patients with neurological disorders. Radio frequency (RF) antenna biosensor technologies have increasingly gained interest as a promising, non-invasive or minimally invasive technique for neurological assessment. This approach enables the detection of a wide range of physiological and pathological conditions, including stroke events, neural activity, temperature variations, and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. This paper presents a designed monolithic microwave integrated circuit low-noise amplifier and RF link budget and examines the recent developments in RF antenna designs specifically tailored for brain monitoring applications, with a comparative focus on operating frequencies, antenna geometries, bandwidth characteristics and safety performance evaluated through Specific Absorption Rate. In addition, an illustrative design case study of an ISM-band monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) low-noise amplifier (LNA) and associated RF link budget is presented to demonstrate how antenna-level requirements translate into front-end transceiver specifications. At 13.7 <sup>o</sup>K average receiver noise temperature, the designed low-noise amplifier yields a carrier link margin of 38.5&#xa0;dB and the data link margin, 15.3&#xa0;dB over the 5.725–5.875&#xa0;GHz ISM band for non-invasive high-resolution microwave brain physiological monitoring applications.</p>

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Hybrid review and design case study of low-noise transceiver antenna for monitoring brain physiological changes

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月24日

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  • Iresh Odana Ubesiri Narayana,
  • Fanuel Elias,
  • Sunday C. Ekpo,
  • Soham Ghosh,
  • Stephen Alabi

摘要

Monitoring changes in the brain is fundamental for diagnosing brain diseases, selecting appropriate treatments, and long-term management of patients with neurological disorders. Radio frequency (RF) antenna biosensor technologies have increasingly gained interest as a promising, non-invasive or minimally invasive technique for neurological assessment. This approach enables the detection of a wide range of physiological and pathological conditions, including stroke events, neural activity, temperature variations, and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. This paper presents a designed monolithic microwave integrated circuit low-noise amplifier and RF link budget and examines the recent developments in RF antenna designs specifically tailored for brain monitoring applications, with a comparative focus on operating frequencies, antenna geometries, bandwidth characteristics and safety performance evaluated through Specific Absorption Rate. In addition, an illustrative design case study of an ISM-band monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) low-noise amplifier (LNA) and associated RF link budget is presented to demonstrate how antenna-level requirements translate into front-end transceiver specifications. At 13.7 oK average receiver noise temperature, the designed low-noise amplifier yields a carrier link margin of 38.5 dB and the data link margin, 15.3 dB over the 5.725–5.875 GHz ISM band for non-invasive high-resolution microwave brain physiological monitoring applications.