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<p>Adhesive anchors are widely used in structural and geotechnical applications, yet design and qualification procedures focus almost exclusively on fully cured systems. Existing reviews address anchor behaviour under mature conditions but do not synthesise the early-age period when anchors are loaded in construction and mining settings. This systematic review provides a comprehensive, multidisciplinary synthesis integrating curing kinetics, bond-strength development, shear and pry-out responses, environmental sensitivity, and modelling limitations for the early-age window (0 to 24&#xa0;h post-installation) of adhesive anchors. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, 54 peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2025 were synthesised across civil engineering, polymer science, and rock reinforcement research. At 20 °C, tensile bond strength reaches 25–60% of the 28-day value within 4 h. Temperatures below 10 °C delay this by a factor of 2–4, consistent with Arrhenius activation energies of 40–80 kJ/mol for epoxy and vinyl ester systems. Early-age shear and pry-out resistance lag tensile strength by 20–40%, creating disproportionate vulnerability under lateral or combined loading. Temperature and moisture are dominant variables: saturated substrates inhibit cross-linking and introduce weak interfacial boundary layers, while dynamic disturbances during gelation induce irreversible creep and shift failure from cohesive to adhesive modes. Non-uniform borehole conditions produce spatial variability in cure degree along the anchor length, reducing early-age reliability. Current design codes (ACI 318, EN 1992-4, EAD 330499-00-0601) treat adhesive properties as time-invariant and provide no mechanistic basis for estimating early-age capacity. Although cure-dependent constitutive models exist in polymer science and adhesive-joint research, including coupled curing-kinetics formulations, cohesive-zone models, and temperature-dependent bond-slip laws, none have been adopted in mainstream anchorage design practice. This gap has direct implications for construction sequencing, safety margins, and product qualification protocols.</p>

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Early-age behaviour of adhesive anchors: a systematic review of curing kinetics, bond strength development and shear–pry-out performance

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月5日

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  • Tshepiso Mollo,
  • Fhatuwani Sengani,
  • Jeffrey Mahachi

摘要

Adhesive anchors are widely used in structural and geotechnical applications, yet design and qualification procedures focus almost exclusively on fully cured systems. Existing reviews address anchor behaviour under mature conditions but do not synthesise the early-age period when anchors are loaded in construction and mining settings. This systematic review provides a comprehensive, multidisciplinary synthesis integrating curing kinetics, bond-strength development, shear and pry-out responses, environmental sensitivity, and modelling limitations for the early-age window (0 to 24 h post-installation) of adhesive anchors. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, 54 peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2025 were synthesised across civil engineering, polymer science, and rock reinforcement research. At 20 °C, tensile bond strength reaches 25–60% of the 28-day value within 4 h. Temperatures below 10 °C delay this by a factor of 2–4, consistent with Arrhenius activation energies of 40–80 kJ/mol for epoxy and vinyl ester systems. Early-age shear and pry-out resistance lag tensile strength by 20–40%, creating disproportionate vulnerability under lateral or combined loading. Temperature and moisture are dominant variables: saturated substrates inhibit cross-linking and introduce weak interfacial boundary layers, while dynamic disturbances during gelation induce irreversible creep and shift failure from cohesive to adhesive modes. Non-uniform borehole conditions produce spatial variability in cure degree along the anchor length, reducing early-age reliability. Current design codes (ACI 318, EN 1992-4, EAD 330499-00-0601) treat adhesive properties as time-invariant and provide no mechanistic basis for estimating early-age capacity. Although cure-dependent constitutive models exist in polymer science and adhesive-joint research, including coupled curing-kinetics formulations, cohesive-zone models, and temperature-dependent bond-slip laws, none have been adopted in mainstream anchorage design practice. This gap has direct implications for construction sequencing, safety margins, and product qualification protocols.