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<p>The black sea urchin, <i>Stomopneustes variolaris</i>, a prominent species in the Bay of Bengal, India, was investigated for its spawning, embryonic, and larval development under laboratory conditions (25–28&#xa0;°C, 30–33‰ salinity). Analysis of gonad indices revealed peak values (g) from October (4.90 ± 2.5) to January (5.31 ± 5.6). Unfertilized eggs had a mean diameter of 75.20–80.63&#xa0;µm, and fertilization success was high at 90%. Early embryonic stages, including the 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, 16-cell, 32-cell, and morula stages, were observed within 5.30&#xa0;h post-fertilization. Blastula and gastrula stages were reached at 18.15&#xa0;h and 19.10&#xa0;h, respectively, followed by the prism stage at 23.20&#xa0;h. Pluteus larval development progressed from 2-arm (33.35&#xa0;h) to 4-arm (day 4) and 6-arm (day 12). Larvae were successfully reared on a mixed microalgal diet comprising <i>Dunaliella salina</i>, <i>Chaetoceros gracilis</i>, <i>Chaetoceros calcitrans</i>, and <i>Isochrysis galbana</i>. Metamorphic competence was achieved between 25- and 30-days post-fertilization. This study makes a significant contribution to understanding the reproductive biology and early life history of <i>S. variolaris</i>, offering a foundational basis for developing effective strategies for induced breeding, seed production, and aquaculture strategies for this species in captivity along the Indian coast.</p>

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Reproductive biology, embryonic and larval development of the Black Sea urchin, Stomopneustes variolaris (Lamarck, 1816) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月28日

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  • S. R. Radhika Rajasree,
  • M. Gobalakrishnan

摘要

The black sea urchin, Stomopneustes variolaris, a prominent species in the Bay of Bengal, India, was investigated for its spawning, embryonic, and larval development under laboratory conditions (25–28 °C, 30–33‰ salinity). Analysis of gonad indices revealed peak values (g) from October (4.90 ± 2.5) to January (5.31 ± 5.6). Unfertilized eggs had a mean diameter of 75.20–80.63 µm, and fertilization success was high at 90%. Early embryonic stages, including the 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, 16-cell, 32-cell, and morula stages, were observed within 5.30 h post-fertilization. Blastula and gastrula stages were reached at 18.15 h and 19.10 h, respectively, followed by the prism stage at 23.20 h. Pluteus larval development progressed from 2-arm (33.35 h) to 4-arm (day 4) and 6-arm (day 12). Larvae were successfully reared on a mixed microalgal diet comprising Dunaliella salina, Chaetoceros gracilis, Chaetoceros calcitrans, and Isochrysis galbana. Metamorphic competence was achieved between 25- and 30-days post-fertilization. This study makes a significant contribution to understanding the reproductive biology and early life history of S. variolaris, offering a foundational basis for developing effective strategies for induced breeding, seed production, and aquaculture strategies for this species in captivity along the Indian coast.