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<p>This research offers a comparative evaluation of four ASTER-derived spectral indices—Sulfate Index, Habibnia Index, GI1, and GI2—to map gypsum deposits in the Bala area of Central Anatolia, Türkiye. The studied region features Neogene evaporitic strata structurally influenced by fault systems associated with the Salt Lake Basin. An ASTER Level-1 T image was preprocessed, including radiometric calibration, atmospheric correction, and spatial alignment to provide precise reflectance data. Each index was used to identify gypsum-bearing units, and the results were corroborated using geological maps, field observations, and lithological attributes of the area. The results indicate that GI1 and the Habibnia-modified index, designed to mitigate the effects of vegetation and iron oxides, were most effective at pinpointing high-purity gypsum regions with minimal interference from clays or carbonate deposits. GI2 effectively delineated pure gypsum cores, whereas the Sulfate Index provided broader but less precise coverage. The combination of remote sensing and field observations enabled us to delineate the spectral response of gypsum in semi-arid areas. Although structural factors may influence the distribution of evaporites, this relationship necessitates additional examination beyond the limitations of the current dataset. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of ASTER data and tailored indices as economical tools for gypsum exploration, providing a proven scientific framework applicable to analogous evaporitic settings worldwide.</p>

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ASTER-based spectral mapping of gypsum with index comparison and geological validation from Bala, Turkey

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月29日

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  • Cihan Yalçın,
  • Orkun Turgay

摘要

This research offers a comparative evaluation of four ASTER-derived spectral indices—Sulfate Index, Habibnia Index, GI1, and GI2—to map gypsum deposits in the Bala area of Central Anatolia, Türkiye. The studied region features Neogene evaporitic strata structurally influenced by fault systems associated with the Salt Lake Basin. An ASTER Level-1 T image was preprocessed, including radiometric calibration, atmospheric correction, and spatial alignment to provide precise reflectance data. Each index was used to identify gypsum-bearing units, and the results were corroborated using geological maps, field observations, and lithological attributes of the area. The results indicate that GI1 and the Habibnia-modified index, designed to mitigate the effects of vegetation and iron oxides, were most effective at pinpointing high-purity gypsum regions with minimal interference from clays or carbonate deposits. GI2 effectively delineated pure gypsum cores, whereas the Sulfate Index provided broader but less precise coverage. The combination of remote sensing and field observations enabled us to delineate the spectral response of gypsum in semi-arid areas. Although structural factors may influence the distribution of evaporites, this relationship necessitates additional examination beyond the limitations of the current dataset. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of ASTER data and tailored indices as economical tools for gypsum exploration, providing a proven scientific framework applicable to analogous evaporitic settings worldwide.