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<p>This study investigates long-term sea-level variations (1921–2020) along the Black Sea coast by analyzing tide gauge data from the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) and satellite altimetry (SA) data. Linear, quadratic, and an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) methods are implemented to model and predict sea-level changes across ten selected tide gauge stations, aiming to address limitations in raw measurements and improve trend estimation. Linear and quadratic trend analyses revealed a consistent and accelerating rise in sea level throughout the region. The EKF approach effectively filtered noise and accurately predicted sea-level fluctuations, achieving strong agreement with observed PSMSL data. Comparative analysis demonstrated that the EKF-processed tide gauge dataset showed stronger consistency with coastal sea-level variability than satellite altimetry products, revealing the limitations of remote-sensing observations in nearshore regions where measurement precision decreases. The findings underscore the potential of EKF as a robust tool for regional sea-level monitoring and its relevance for coastal risk assessment and climate adaptation planning.</p>

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Extended Kalman Filter analysis of sea-level changes along the black sea coast and comparison with satellite altimetry

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月1日

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  • Kutubuddin Ansari

摘要

This study investigates long-term sea-level variations (1921–2020) along the Black Sea coast by analyzing tide gauge data from the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) and satellite altimetry (SA) data. Linear, quadratic, and an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) methods are implemented to model and predict sea-level changes across ten selected tide gauge stations, aiming to address limitations in raw measurements and improve trend estimation. Linear and quadratic trend analyses revealed a consistent and accelerating rise in sea level throughout the region. The EKF approach effectively filtered noise and accurately predicted sea-level fluctuations, achieving strong agreement with observed PSMSL data. Comparative analysis demonstrated that the EKF-processed tide gauge dataset showed stronger consistency with coastal sea-level variability than satellite altimetry products, revealing the limitations of remote-sensing observations in nearshore regions where measurement precision decreases. The findings underscore the potential of EKF as a robust tool for regional sea-level monitoring and its relevance for coastal risk assessment and climate adaptation planning.