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<p>Ethiopia faces severe climate-driven hydrological variability and accelerated soil erosion. While Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) are increasingly promoted to mitigate these interconnected threats, empirical evidence regarding their context-specific efficacy remains fragmented. This critical knowledge gap currently hinders scalable climate adaptation and effective watershed investment. To address this gap, this review synthesizes empirical and model-based studies to assess NBS efficacy in mitigating soil erosion and hydrological change across Ethiopia. The review examines key interventions, including reforestation, wetland conservation, agroforestry, conservation agriculture, and physical soil and water conservation measures. Results indicate that well-designed NBS can reduce soil loss by 40–70%. Furthermore, they successfully lower peak runoff, enhance infiltration, and improve dry-season water availability. These benefits are maximized when physical measures are combined with vegetation-based interventions. Intervention effectiveness relies heavily on agro-ecological conditions, watershed position, proper maintenance, and community participation. Integrated, landscape-scale approaches consistently outperform isolated, single-measure interventions. They deliver synergistic benefits for erosion control, water regulation, and rural livelihoods. Despite these successes, scalability is constrained by land tenure insecurity, limited institutional capacity, and lack of long-term monitoring. Future research must prioritize spatial targeting, performance under compound climate extremes, and water-yield trade-offs. Overall, contextually tailored and socially inclusive NBS represent a robust pathway for climate-resilient land and water management in Ethiopia.</p>

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The efficacy of nature-based solutions in addressing climate-driven erosion and hydrological change in Ethiopia

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月21日

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  • Kebede Bekele Atlaw,
  • Tesfaye Mebrate Lemma

摘要

Ethiopia faces severe climate-driven hydrological variability and accelerated soil erosion. While Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) are increasingly promoted to mitigate these interconnected threats, empirical evidence regarding their context-specific efficacy remains fragmented. This critical knowledge gap currently hinders scalable climate adaptation and effective watershed investment. To address this gap, this review synthesizes empirical and model-based studies to assess NBS efficacy in mitigating soil erosion and hydrological change across Ethiopia. The review examines key interventions, including reforestation, wetland conservation, agroforestry, conservation agriculture, and physical soil and water conservation measures. Results indicate that well-designed NBS can reduce soil loss by 40–70%. Furthermore, they successfully lower peak runoff, enhance infiltration, and improve dry-season water availability. These benefits are maximized when physical measures are combined with vegetation-based interventions. Intervention effectiveness relies heavily on agro-ecological conditions, watershed position, proper maintenance, and community participation. Integrated, landscape-scale approaches consistently outperform isolated, single-measure interventions. They deliver synergistic benefits for erosion control, water regulation, and rural livelihoods. Despite these successes, scalability is constrained by land tenure insecurity, limited institutional capacity, and lack of long-term monitoring. Future research must prioritize spatial targeting, performance under compound climate extremes, and water-yield trade-offs. Overall, contextually tailored and socially inclusive NBS represent a robust pathway for climate-resilient land and water management in Ethiopia.