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<p>This study evaluated the concentration and spatial–seasonal variability of heavy metal(loid)s in River Osun to assess its suitability for irrigation in peri-urban areas of Osogbo, southwestern Nigeria. Water samples were collected from four locations (Owode, Oke-Osun, Gbodofon, and Ebunoluwa) during dry and rainy seasons and analyzed for Pb, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co, As, and Hg using standard methods. Irrigation indices including Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Kelly Ratio (KR), and Magnesium Hazard (MH) were computed. Pearson correlation and two-way ANOVA were used to evaluate inter-metal relationships and the effects of season and location. Results showed elevated concentrations of Pb (9.13–9.55), Cd (4.05–5.20), Cr (5.04–5.71), Ni (8.78–10.27), As (1.47–2.69), and Hg (0.32–0.44), all exceeding FAO irrigation limits. Essential metals such as Cu (5.67–6.11), Zn (3.11–4.12), Mn (4.79–5.03), Fe (17.01–19.37), and Co (5.71–5.99) were also above permissible thresholds. Seasonal analysis showed significantly higher concentrations during the dry season (p &lt; 0.05), reflecting reduced dilution effects. Pearson correlation indicated strong positive relationships among metals (r &gt; 0.70), suggesting common anthropogenic sources, while two-way ANOVA confirmed significant effects of season and location. Irrigation indices (SAR: 0.11–0.13; KR: 0.08–0.09; MH: 47.2–49.7%) indicated low sodicity risk. Despite favorable irrigation indices, the high concentrations of toxic metals render River Osun unsuitable for irrigation. These findings underscore the importance of integrating conventional irrigation indices with heavy metal assessments for comprehensive evaluation of irrigation water quality in peri-urban river systems.</p>

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Heavy metal(loid) contamination of River Osun at peri-urban areas of Osogbo and its suitability for irrigation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月28日

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  • T. F. Oyewusi,
  • W. A. Lamidi,
  • I. K. Adesina,
  • R. T. Babalola,
  • O. A. Omotosho,
  • A. M. Oguntunji

摘要

This study evaluated the concentration and spatial–seasonal variability of heavy metal(loid)s in River Osun to assess its suitability for irrigation in peri-urban areas of Osogbo, southwestern Nigeria. Water samples were collected from four locations (Owode, Oke-Osun, Gbodofon, and Ebunoluwa) during dry and rainy seasons and analyzed for Pb, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co, As, and Hg using standard methods. Irrigation indices including Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Kelly Ratio (KR), and Magnesium Hazard (MH) were computed. Pearson correlation and two-way ANOVA were used to evaluate inter-metal relationships and the effects of season and location. Results showed elevated concentrations of Pb (9.13–9.55), Cd (4.05–5.20), Cr (5.04–5.71), Ni (8.78–10.27), As (1.47–2.69), and Hg (0.32–0.44), all exceeding FAO irrigation limits. Essential metals such as Cu (5.67–6.11), Zn (3.11–4.12), Mn (4.79–5.03), Fe (17.01–19.37), and Co (5.71–5.99) were also above permissible thresholds. Seasonal analysis showed significantly higher concentrations during the dry season (p < 0.05), reflecting reduced dilution effects. Pearson correlation indicated strong positive relationships among metals (r > 0.70), suggesting common anthropogenic sources, while two-way ANOVA confirmed significant effects of season and location. Irrigation indices (SAR: 0.11–0.13; KR: 0.08–0.09; MH: 47.2–49.7%) indicated low sodicity risk. Despite favorable irrigation indices, the high concentrations of toxic metals render River Osun unsuitable for irrigation. These findings underscore the importance of integrating conventional irrigation indices with heavy metal assessments for comprehensive evaluation of irrigation water quality in peri-urban river systems.