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<p>Human-driven LULC change elevates LST and induces the urban heat island effect. The role of LULC as a heat source and sink in modulating UHI intensity and LST variability remains largely underexplored. Thus, the heat source–sink framework was employed in Asansol, an industrial city, to assess seasonal relationships among LULC, LST, and biophysical factors over the past three decades. LULC was classified using the Random Forest algorithm, and LST was retrieved using the Mono-window algorithm. Each LULC’s contribution to LST and the variation of LST across cross-sections were analysed. Research identified heat sources and sinks, quantified Borough-wise contributions, and calculated the landscape index (LI). Pairwise correlation analysis was conducted between LST and biophysical indicators across source–sink landscapes. The findings showed a significant increase in builtup (+ 6.92% in summer, + 9.69% in winter) and industry (+ 2.33% in summer, + 2.53% in winter), while fallowland (−&#xa0;12.37% in summer, −&#xa0;4.39% in winter) decreased. The highest summer and winter mean LST was observed in industry, recording 33.98&#xa0;°C and 25.13&#xa0;°C in 1991 and 32.21&#xa0;°C and 23.91&#xa0;°C in 2021, respectively. Industry and bare surfaces, primarily situated in peripheral regions, act as heat sources, while water bodies and vegetation function predominantly as heat sinks in core locations. Notably, Boroughs 7 and 1 consistently served as heat sources in 1991 and 2021, in both seasons. Boroughs 7, 8, and 1 consistently exhibited enhanced UHI effects (LI &lt; 1) by the combined influence of heat-source and sink landscapes in one or both seasons. Furthermore, NDVI, MNDWI, and NDLI exhibited significant negative correlations with LST across both seasons and within source–sink landscapes, while NDBI and NDBaI showed significant positive correlations. The study underscores the need to align strategies with regional and local planning to support sustainable land-use decisions for long-term urban thermal resilience.</p>

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Exploring seasonal urban heat source–sink patterns and their linkages with LULC and LST in a rapidly urbanising landscape of Eastern India

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月10日

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  • Sharmistha Mondal,
  • Kapil Kumar Gavsker,
  • Bhaskar Mandal

摘要

Human-driven LULC change elevates LST and induces the urban heat island effect. The role of LULC as a heat source and sink in modulating UHI intensity and LST variability remains largely underexplored. Thus, the heat source–sink framework was employed in Asansol, an industrial city, to assess seasonal relationships among LULC, LST, and biophysical factors over the past three decades. LULC was classified using the Random Forest algorithm, and LST was retrieved using the Mono-window algorithm. Each LULC’s contribution to LST and the variation of LST across cross-sections were analysed. Research identified heat sources and sinks, quantified Borough-wise contributions, and calculated the landscape index (LI). Pairwise correlation analysis was conducted between LST and biophysical indicators across source–sink landscapes. The findings showed a significant increase in builtup (+ 6.92% in summer, + 9.69% in winter) and industry (+ 2.33% in summer, + 2.53% in winter), while fallowland (− 12.37% in summer, − 4.39% in winter) decreased. The highest summer and winter mean LST was observed in industry, recording 33.98 °C and 25.13 °C in 1991 and 32.21 °C and 23.91 °C in 2021, respectively. Industry and bare surfaces, primarily situated in peripheral regions, act as heat sources, while water bodies and vegetation function predominantly as heat sinks in core locations. Notably, Boroughs 7 and 1 consistently served as heat sources in 1991 and 2021, in both seasons. Boroughs 7, 8, and 1 consistently exhibited enhanced UHI effects (LI < 1) by the combined influence of heat-source and sink landscapes in one or both seasons. Furthermore, NDVI, MNDWI, and NDLI exhibited significant negative correlations with LST across both seasons and within source–sink landscapes, while NDBI and NDBaI showed significant positive correlations. The study underscores the need to align strategies with regional and local planning to support sustainable land-use decisions for long-term urban thermal resilience.