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<p>Groundwater is Ethiopia’s principal source of domestic, industrial, and agricultural water, yet its quality is increasingly stressed in flood-prone, rapidly urbanising basins. This study assessed seasonal and flood-period variations in surface water and groundwater quality and well resilience in the Akaki well field using an integrated hydroclimatic–hydrochemical framework. Long-term rainfall records (1994–2024) were analysed with seasonal and event-based (pre-, peak-, and post-flood) hydrochemical data from surface water and production wells to compare dry-, wet-, and flood-period conditions. Rainfall during the main wet season (June–August) averaged 230–280&#xa0;mm with high interannual variability (CV &gt; 35%), coinciding with recurrent flooding in low-lying areas. Surface water showed marked seasonal contrasts: dry-season low dilution raised EC (850–1900 µS/cm), TDS (550–1200&#xa0;mg/L), major cations, and chromium (1.8–4.1&#xa0;mg/L), whereas wet-season flooding lowered EC (600–1050 µS/cm) and TDS (400–700&#xa0;mg/L) but increased turbidity (16–34 NTU), nitrate, and&#xa0;<i>Escherichia coli</i>&#xa0;(~ 975&#xa0;CFU/100&#xa0;mL). Wells with damaged seals exhibited turbidity up to 45 NTU, nitrate up to 180&#xa0;mg/L (NO₃⁻), and Cr, Pb, and Cd levels beyond WHO drinking-water guidelines. In contrast, seal-intact wells maintained consistent Ca–HCO₃⁻ facies, fluoride levels of 0.6–3.9&#xa0;mg/L, and only mild seasonal variation. Multivariate analysis attributed 60.2% of groundwater variability to anthropogenic and microbiological influences and 20.5% to geogenic processes. An AHP-based resilience index (0.282–0.577), derived from three dimensions and five indicators, indicates low to moderate adaptive capacity, highlights the need for better wellhead protection and maintenance under recurrent floods.</p>

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Groundwater quality variability and well resilience under seasonal flooding conditions in the Akaki well field, Central Ethiopia

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Amsal Eyassu Dalle,
  • Daniel Reddythota,
  • Zelalem Abera Angello

摘要

Groundwater is Ethiopia’s principal source of domestic, industrial, and agricultural water, yet its quality is increasingly stressed in flood-prone, rapidly urbanising basins. This study assessed seasonal and flood-period variations in surface water and groundwater quality and well resilience in the Akaki well field using an integrated hydroclimatic–hydrochemical framework. Long-term rainfall records (1994–2024) were analysed with seasonal and event-based (pre-, peak-, and post-flood) hydrochemical data from surface water and production wells to compare dry-, wet-, and flood-period conditions. Rainfall during the main wet season (June–August) averaged 230–280 mm with high interannual variability (CV > 35%), coinciding with recurrent flooding in low-lying areas. Surface water showed marked seasonal contrasts: dry-season low dilution raised EC (850–1900 µS/cm), TDS (550–1200 mg/L), major cations, and chromium (1.8–4.1 mg/L), whereas wet-season flooding lowered EC (600–1050 µS/cm) and TDS (400–700 mg/L) but increased turbidity (16–34 NTU), nitrate, and Escherichia coli (~ 975 CFU/100 mL). Wells with damaged seals exhibited turbidity up to 45 NTU, nitrate up to 180 mg/L (NO₃⁻), and Cr, Pb, and Cd levels beyond WHO drinking-water guidelines. In contrast, seal-intact wells maintained consistent Ca–HCO₃⁻ facies, fluoride levels of 0.6–3.9 mg/L, and only mild seasonal variation. Multivariate analysis attributed 60.2% of groundwater variability to anthropogenic and microbiological influences and 20.5% to geogenic processes. An AHP-based resilience index (0.282–0.577), derived from three dimensions and five indicators, indicates low to moderate adaptive capacity, highlights the need for better wellhead protection and maintenance under recurrent floods.