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<p>The unavailability of water can affect thousands of people around the world. This issue has been a wake-up call for the urgent need to preserve and restore surface water systems. The of this research aim was to assess the susceptibility to degradation of the springs at Farm Reunidas Gravatá, in Teodoro Sampaio, Bahia, using hydro-environmental indicators. To this end, the interventions began in March 2021, with: a) identification of the springs; b) characterization and classification of the springs; c) determination of the Environmental Impact Index for springs and degree of preservation; d) monitoring of water availability and; e) physical–chemical and microbiological analyses of the water. Aerophotogrammetry and field mapping enabled the identification of 15 Permanent Preservation Areas of springs. Of these, only one was isolated with protective fence in accordance with environmental legislation. Perennial springs were predominant, especially Limnocrenes with water outflow emerging from a point. The Impact Index indicated two springs in Class E (very bad); seven in Class D (Bad); four in Class C (Fair); and two in Class B (Good). The rapid assessment method showed that cattle trampling and inadequate protection caused greater susceptibility to degradation of water ecosystem services. Rainfall had a strong influence on the hydrology of the springs. The study showed that the adoption of reconstructive restoration techniques generated positive changes in different water quality parameters. Geomorphological classification mitigates weaknesses in the scientific understanding of surface water and can be part of the Environmental Safety Plan for the farm and the river basin.</p>

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Multiparameter hydro-environmental diagnosis of springs in a headwater watershed of the Atlantic forest, Brazil

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月30日

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  • Suelle G. Santiago,
  • Gregório M. Santana,
  • Daniela M. L. Silva,
  • Thaís Barros Pereira,
  • Klaus Cardoso Oliveira Lima,
  • Raildo M. Jesus

摘要

The unavailability of water can affect thousands of people around the world. This issue has been a wake-up call for the urgent need to preserve and restore surface water systems. The of this research aim was to assess the susceptibility to degradation of the springs at Farm Reunidas Gravatá, in Teodoro Sampaio, Bahia, using hydro-environmental indicators. To this end, the interventions began in March 2021, with: a) identification of the springs; b) characterization and classification of the springs; c) determination of the Environmental Impact Index for springs and degree of preservation; d) monitoring of water availability and; e) physical–chemical and microbiological analyses of the water. Aerophotogrammetry and field mapping enabled the identification of 15 Permanent Preservation Areas of springs. Of these, only one was isolated with protective fence in accordance with environmental legislation. Perennial springs were predominant, especially Limnocrenes with water outflow emerging from a point. The Impact Index indicated two springs in Class E (very bad); seven in Class D (Bad); four in Class C (Fair); and two in Class B (Good). The rapid assessment method showed that cattle trampling and inadequate protection caused greater susceptibility to degradation of water ecosystem services. Rainfall had a strong influence on the hydrology of the springs. The study showed that the adoption of reconstructive restoration techniques generated positive changes in different water quality parameters. Geomorphological classification mitigates weaknesses in the scientific understanding of surface water and can be part of the Environmental Safety Plan for the farm and the river basin.