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<p>This paper investigates the development and optimization of artificial reefs through a new generative design method that integrates Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with Bi-directional Evolutionary Structural Optimization (BESO).&#xa0;Since the 1950s, artificial reefs have been deployed to enhance marine ecosystems, and this study begins with a survey of existing reef designs. In response to limitations in current design approaches, we adopt a topology optimization strategy aimed at improving spatial allocation for polyphony expansion within reef structures. By coupling fluid-dynamic analysis with an iterative optimization loop, we evaluate the effectiveness of material exchange enabled by these artificial formations—an essential consideration given advanced manufacturing constraints and the need for rapid production of natural-like geometries. To extend artificial reef design into new possibilities, we propose a generative workflow in which reef morphology emerges from the interaction between CFD and BESO, iteratively removing and adding material in accordance with external loading conditions. The resulting reef is then compared with representative benchmarks from current artificial reef designs to assess material efficiency, structural performance, and geometric characteristics under complex underwater conditions.</p>

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Integrating computational fluid dynamics and topological optimization for generative design of artificial reefs

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月19日

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  • Ding Wen Bao,
  • Jiacheng Yu,
  • Dan Luo

摘要

This paper investigates the development and optimization of artificial reefs through a new generative design method that integrates Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with Bi-directional Evolutionary Structural Optimization (BESO). Since the 1950s, artificial reefs have been deployed to enhance marine ecosystems, and this study begins with a survey of existing reef designs. In response to limitations in current design approaches, we adopt a topology optimization strategy aimed at improving spatial allocation for polyphony expansion within reef structures. By coupling fluid-dynamic analysis with an iterative optimization loop, we evaluate the effectiveness of material exchange enabled by these artificial formations—an essential consideration given advanced manufacturing constraints and the need for rapid production of natural-like geometries. To extend artificial reef design into new possibilities, we propose a generative workflow in which reef morphology emerges from the interaction between CFD and BESO, iteratively removing and adding material in accordance with external loading conditions. The resulting reef is then compared with representative benchmarks from current artificial reef designs to assess material efficiency, structural performance, and geometric characteristics under complex underwater conditions.