<p>A porous conical type electrospray array thruster consisting of 6102 individual emitters is operated at up to 13.3 W power. The design and manufacture of the thruster are described, including its porous glass emitter chip and metallized ceramic extractor chip. A precision mass balance mounted inside a bell jar is used to directly measure the thrust, specific impulse, and efficiency in negative polarity, from <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="44205_2025_114_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="75" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(42\pm 0.5\ \upmu\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>42</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>0.5</mn> <mspace width="4pt" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>N, <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="44205_2025_114_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="70" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(1050\pm 26\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>1050</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>26</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> s, and <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="44205_2025_114_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="59" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(57\pm 1.9\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>57</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>1.9</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>% at <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="44205_2025_114_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="48" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(-1000\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1000</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> V and 0.38 W to <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="44205_2025_114_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="83" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(174\pm 0.5\ \upmu\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>174</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>0.5</mn> <mspace width="4pt" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>N, <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="44205_2025_114_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="54" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(420\pm 2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>420</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> s, and <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="44205_2025_114_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="59" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(21\pm 0.3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>21</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>0.3</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>% at <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="44205_2025_114_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="48" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(-1300\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1300</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> V and 1.7 W. Additional negative polarity experiments in a 2 meter vacuum facility demonstrate powers from order 1 <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="44205_2025_114_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\upmu\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>W to over 10 W, spanning 7 orders of magnitude. Power and performance measurements were not repeated for positive mode operation, as this was found to induce arcing between the emitter and extractor electrodes at 1400 V and above. The drop in efficiency from <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="44205_2025_114_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="48" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(-1000\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1000</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> V to <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="44205_2025_114_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="48" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(-1300\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1300</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> V operation in the bell jar is discussed within the context of facility effects, and secondary charged particle flux to the thruster is identified as a likely contributor. Finally, the performance of the thruster is considered relative to scaling electrospray systems to higher power robustly.</p>

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Characterization of a 10 W class electrospray array thruster

  • Collin Whittaker,
  • Steven Arestie,
  • Colleen Marrese-Reading,
  • Benjamin Jorns

摘要

A porous conical type electrospray array thruster consisting of 6102 individual emitters is operated at up to 13.3 W power. The design and manufacture of the thruster are described, including its porous glass emitter chip and metallized ceramic extractor chip. A precision mass balance mounted inside a bell jar is used to directly measure the thrust, specific impulse, and efficiency in negative polarity, from \(42\pm 0.5\ \upmu\) 42 ± 0.5 μ N, \(1050\pm 26\) 1050 ± 26 s, and \(57\pm 1.9\) 57 ± 1.9 % at \(-1000\) - 1000 V and 0.38 W to \(174\pm 0.5\ \upmu\) 174 ± 0.5 μ N, \(420\pm 2\) 420 ± 2 s, and \(21\pm 0.3\) 21 ± 0.3 % at \(-1300\) - 1300 V and 1.7 W. Additional negative polarity experiments in a 2 meter vacuum facility demonstrate powers from order 1 \(\upmu\) μ W to over 10 W, spanning 7 orders of magnitude. Power and performance measurements were not repeated for positive mode operation, as this was found to induce arcing between the emitter and extractor electrodes at 1400 V and above. The drop in efficiency from \(-1000\) - 1000 V to \(-1300\) - 1300 V operation in the bell jar is discussed within the context of facility effects, and secondary charged particle flux to the thruster is identified as a likely contributor. Finally, the performance of the thruster is considered relative to scaling electrospray systems to higher power robustly.