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<p>The global phase-down of high-GWP refrigerants necessitates a transition to sustainable alternatives like R290 (GWP = 3) and R32 (GWP = 675). However, their dynamic startup reliability in extreme polar climates remains poorly understood. This study experimentally investigates the transient startup performance and operational stability of R290 and R32 air-conditioning systems under real-world severe cold conditions in Mohe, China, where ambient temperatures organically reached a nadir of -42.69℃. Field tests were executed on four systems from two manufacturers (Brands A and B) exposed directly to the outdoor environment, assessing both cold start (24&#xa0;h deep freeze) and warm start (10&#xa0;min intermittent shutdown) scenarios. Quantitative analysis reveals that R290 systems significantly alleviate mechanical stress in deep freezing environments; during cold starts, Brand A's R290 unit exhibited a peak discharge pressure of only 0.84&#xa0;MPa and a stable discharge temperature of 44.00℃, compared to a severe 2.16&#xa0;MPa and 78.40℃ for its R32 counterpart. Conversely, R32 systems demonstrated faster dynamic equilibrium and superior electrical stability during rapid cycling; warm start power consumption Coefficient of Variation (CV) for Brand A's R32 was 0.44, substantially more stable than the 0.38 CV of the R290 system. Crucially, the empirical data exposes that manufacturer-specific control algorithms heavily dictate system behavior, evidenced by Brand B's R290 unit anomalously peaking at a 91.42℃ discharge temperature during warm start. These high-granularity empirical findings provide essential quantitative baselines and dynamic behavioral insights for optimizing low-GWP heat pump design and predictive fault diagnosis models in extreme cold regions.</p>

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Starting performance comparison of R290 and R32 air conditioning systems under extreme cold conditions in Mohe China

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月4日

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  • Jie Yang,
  • Jiwei Wang,
  • Xinxue Dai,
  • Zepeng Chen,
  • Cheng Shi,
  • Xintao Liu

摘要

The global phase-down of high-GWP refrigerants necessitates a transition to sustainable alternatives like R290 (GWP = 3) and R32 (GWP = 675). However, their dynamic startup reliability in extreme polar climates remains poorly understood. This study experimentally investigates the transient startup performance and operational stability of R290 and R32 air-conditioning systems under real-world severe cold conditions in Mohe, China, where ambient temperatures organically reached a nadir of -42.69℃. Field tests were executed on four systems from two manufacturers (Brands A and B) exposed directly to the outdoor environment, assessing both cold start (24 h deep freeze) and warm start (10 min intermittent shutdown) scenarios. Quantitative analysis reveals that R290 systems significantly alleviate mechanical stress in deep freezing environments; during cold starts, Brand A's R290 unit exhibited a peak discharge pressure of only 0.84 MPa and a stable discharge temperature of 44.00℃, compared to a severe 2.16 MPa and 78.40℃ for its R32 counterpart. Conversely, R32 systems demonstrated faster dynamic equilibrium and superior electrical stability during rapid cycling; warm start power consumption Coefficient of Variation (CV) for Brand A's R32 was 0.44, substantially more stable than the 0.38 CV of the R290 system. Crucially, the empirical data exposes that manufacturer-specific control algorithms heavily dictate system behavior, evidenced by Brand B's R290 unit anomalously peaking at a 91.42℃ discharge temperature during warm start. These high-granularity empirical findings provide essential quantitative baselines and dynamic behavioral insights for optimizing low-GWP heat pump design and predictive fault diagnosis models in extreme cold regions.