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<p>Additive manufacturing (AM) is transforming personalised medicine by developing complex geometries with modified drug release kinetics. Semi-Solid Extrusion (SSE) is leading this shift due to its low-temperature operation and ability to enhance drug solubility. Hydrogels serve as feedstock for SSE-based printing, which requires a balance between thixotropic behaviour and yield stress to achieve printability. While traditional hydrogels consist of viscosity modifiers, this study explores a dual-functionality approach where the drug serves as both the therapeutic cargo and the rheology modifier. This study evaluated the printability of native Starch 1500 (STR 15) and Affinisol (AFF) hydrogels through grid lattice fabrication. Initial assessments revealed moderate printability for STR 15 and poor printability for AFF due to ink spreading. To optimise printability, Furosemide (FUR) solubilised in Tween 80 was incorporated to serve a dual role as the therapeutic agent and a rheology modifier. Post-extrusion analysis confirmed successful lattice fabrication with acceptable weight uniformity. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy verified the homogeneous incorporation of FUR within the polymer matrices. Comprehensive rheological profiling, including viscosity, amplitude sweep, frequency sweep and step-strain analyses, revealed opposing material behaviours: FUR incorporation decreased the viscosity of STR 15 hydrogels but conversely increased the viscosity of the AFF matrix. Post-extrusion analysis confirmed successful lattice fabrication with acceptable weight uniformity, while ATR-FTIR verified homogenous drug incorporation. In vitro dissolution studies revealed distinct, polymer-dependent kinetics: STR 15 exhibited 98% FUR release at 4&#xa0;h, whereas AFF demonstrated release 60% at 4&#xa0;h. These findings demonstrate that FUR exhibited dual functionality and can achieve highly tailored biomedical dosage forms.</p>

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Furosemide-Enabled Rheology Modulation of Hydrogels for Semi-solid Extrusion-Mediated 3D Printed Dosage Forms

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Sanchita Dhanchandra Sangave,
  • Debajit Dutta,
  • Purushottam Suryavanshi,
  • Manoj K. Deka,
  • Subham Banerjee

摘要

Additive manufacturing (AM) is transforming personalised medicine by developing complex geometries with modified drug release kinetics. Semi-Solid Extrusion (SSE) is leading this shift due to its low-temperature operation and ability to enhance drug solubility. Hydrogels serve as feedstock for SSE-based printing, which requires a balance between thixotropic behaviour and yield stress to achieve printability. While traditional hydrogels consist of viscosity modifiers, this study explores a dual-functionality approach where the drug serves as both the therapeutic cargo and the rheology modifier. This study evaluated the printability of native Starch 1500 (STR 15) and Affinisol (AFF) hydrogels through grid lattice fabrication. Initial assessments revealed moderate printability for STR 15 and poor printability for AFF due to ink spreading. To optimise printability, Furosemide (FUR) solubilised in Tween 80 was incorporated to serve a dual role as the therapeutic agent and a rheology modifier. Post-extrusion analysis confirmed successful lattice fabrication with acceptable weight uniformity. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy verified the homogeneous incorporation of FUR within the polymer matrices. Comprehensive rheological profiling, including viscosity, amplitude sweep, frequency sweep and step-strain analyses, revealed opposing material behaviours: FUR incorporation decreased the viscosity of STR 15 hydrogels but conversely increased the viscosity of the AFF matrix. Post-extrusion analysis confirmed successful lattice fabrication with acceptable weight uniformity, while ATR-FTIR verified homogenous drug incorporation. In vitro dissolution studies revealed distinct, polymer-dependent kinetics: STR 15 exhibited 98% FUR release at 4 h, whereas AFF demonstrated release 60% at 4 h. These findings demonstrate that FUR exhibited dual functionality and can achieve highly tailored biomedical dosage forms.