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<p>Wollastonite bioceramics are well known for their excellent bioactivity and biocompatibility; however, their relatively low mechanical strength and rapid degradation limit clinical applications. This study aimed to address these limitations by developing wollastonite-based scaffolds containing 0, 10, 15, and 20 wt% forsterite. The scaffolds were fabricated using the polymeric sponge replication method and sintered at 1300&#xa0;°C for 3 h. The phase composition, morphology, and nanopowder characteristics were analyzed via X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Bioactivity, biodegradability, and cellular responses were also evaluated. The scaffolds exhibited interconnected porosity ranging from 65 to 78%, with pore sizes between 200 and 600&#xa0;µm, which decreased with increasing forsterite content. Although the addition of forsterite slightly reduced apatite formation compared with pure wollastonite, the overall bioactivity remained satisfactory. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of akermanite and diopside phases due to reactions between wollastonite and forsterite at 1300&#xa0;°C, both known for their bioactivity. The degradation rate decreased with increasing forsterite content, such that in the scaffold that was fabricated using 20% forsterite, the degradation rate was about one-third of that of the scaffold with no forsterite content. In addition, the compressive strength of the scaffolds increased with increasing forsterite content, rising from approximately 0.24&#xa0;MPa for the scaffold with no forsterite to 1.18&#xa0;MPa for the scaffold containing 20% forsterite. while MTT assays demonstrated enhanced cell viability in forsterite-containing scaffolds. These results indicate that wollastonite/forsterite composite scaffolds offer improved suitability for bone regeneration compared with pure wollastonite.</p>

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Fabrication and Characterization of a Novel Nanostructured Wollastonite–Forsterite Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Shirin Esmaili,
  • Mehdi Ahmadian,
  • Farhad Abbasi

摘要

Wollastonite bioceramics are well known for their excellent bioactivity and biocompatibility; however, their relatively low mechanical strength and rapid degradation limit clinical applications. This study aimed to address these limitations by developing wollastonite-based scaffolds containing 0, 10, 15, and 20 wt% forsterite. The scaffolds were fabricated using the polymeric sponge replication method and sintered at 1300 °C for 3 h. The phase composition, morphology, and nanopowder characteristics were analyzed via X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Bioactivity, biodegradability, and cellular responses were also evaluated. The scaffolds exhibited interconnected porosity ranging from 65 to 78%, with pore sizes between 200 and 600 µm, which decreased with increasing forsterite content. Although the addition of forsterite slightly reduced apatite formation compared with pure wollastonite, the overall bioactivity remained satisfactory. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of akermanite and diopside phases due to reactions between wollastonite and forsterite at 1300 °C, both known for their bioactivity. The degradation rate decreased with increasing forsterite content, such that in the scaffold that was fabricated using 20% forsterite, the degradation rate was about one-third of that of the scaffold with no forsterite content. In addition, the compressive strength of the scaffolds increased with increasing forsterite content, rising from approximately 0.24 MPa for the scaffold with no forsterite to 1.18 MPa for the scaffold containing 20% forsterite. while MTT assays demonstrated enhanced cell viability in forsterite-containing scaffolds. These results indicate that wollastonite/forsterite composite scaffolds offer improved suitability for bone regeneration compared with pure wollastonite.