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<p><i>Nigella sativa</i> (commonly known as black cumin), an herb belonging to the Ranunculaceae family, has significant therapeutic value. These include antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, mainly concentrated in its seeds. Nanoparticles have recently attracted researchers’ attention, as they can be synthesized using the green method mediated by herbs and herb extracts. Calcium Oxide (CaO) nanoparticles (NPs) can also be used for drug delivery. In this study, we utilized calcium oxide nanoparticles for mediating <i>Nigella sativa (N. sativa)</i> action and evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant roles using different methods. To our knowledge, this is the first study to synthesize and evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as well as the toxicological profile, of <i>N. sativa</i> CaO-NPs. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed an average particle size of 36.71&#xa0;nm, while UV–Vis spectroscopy showed an absorption peak at 445&#xa0;nm, confirming the formation of metal oxide nanoparticles. FTIR peaks at 3345.08, 1404.02, 872.54, and 710.46&#xa0;cm<sup>−1</sup> indicate O–H stretching, carbonate/carboxylate groups from plant phytochemicals, and Ca–O stretching vibrations, confirming successful phytochemical-mediated synthesis of CaO nanoparticles (CaO-NPs). The methods employed to evaluate antioxidant activity were 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and the scavenging activities of nitric oxide (NO). The anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated using bovine serum albumin (BSA), egg albumin (EA), and membrane stabilization assays (MSA). The antioxidant properties were comparable to standard ascorbic acid. <i>N. sativa</i>–mediated CaO-NPs displayed strong antioxidant effects, with dose-dependent inhibition (10–50&#xa0;µg/mL) across DPPH (62–87%), H₂O₂ (50–85%), FRAP (65–80%), ABTS (62–80%), and nitric oxide (70–77%) assays. Likewise, the BSA assay, EA assay, and MSA that helped evaluate anti-inflammatory activity showed results that were comparable to the standard usually used, i.e., diclofenac sodium. <i>N. sativa</i>–mediated CaO-NPs exhibited notable anti-inflammatory activity, showing dose-dependent inhibition in BSA (48–75%), EA (50–75%), and MSA (48–75%) assays at 10–50&#xa0;µg/mL concentrations. The toxicity of the compound of interest was assessed using <i>Artemia nauplii</i> by exposing them to <i>Nigella sativa</i>-mediated calcium oxide nanoparticles (<i>N. sativa CaO-NPs</i>) for 2 days, and it was found that the compound was not toxic at the specified concentrations (10–50&#xa0;µg/mL). The study highlights the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro of <i>Nigella sativa</i>-mediated calcium oxide nanoparticles. These findings suggest that <i>N. sativa</i>-mediated CaO-NPs could serve as a promising multifunctional agent in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for managing oxidative stress and inflammation-associated diseases. Green-synthesized CaO nanoparticles provide a promising platform for enhancing targeted delivery and economically viable therapeutic approaches. Future in vivo studies should be conducted to confirm their therapeutic potential in animal models and to translate this knowledge into the development of topical gels, creams, or oral formulations for clinical applications.</p>

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Exploring the Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Potential of Nigella sativa-mediated Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles: An in-vitro Study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月16日

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  • Jabir Padathpeedika Khalid,
  • Rajeshkumar Shanmugam,
  • Suma Sukumaran

摘要

Nigella sativa (commonly known as black cumin), an herb belonging to the Ranunculaceae family, has significant therapeutic value. These include antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, mainly concentrated in its seeds. Nanoparticles have recently attracted researchers’ attention, as they can be synthesized using the green method mediated by herbs and herb extracts. Calcium Oxide (CaO) nanoparticles (NPs) can also be used for drug delivery. In this study, we utilized calcium oxide nanoparticles for mediating Nigella sativa (N. sativa) action and evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant roles using different methods. To our knowledge, this is the first study to synthesize and evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as well as the toxicological profile, of N. sativa CaO-NPs. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed an average particle size of 36.71 nm, while UV–Vis spectroscopy showed an absorption peak at 445 nm, confirming the formation of metal oxide nanoparticles. FTIR peaks at 3345.08, 1404.02, 872.54, and 710.46 cm−1 indicate O–H stretching, carbonate/carboxylate groups from plant phytochemicals, and Ca–O stretching vibrations, confirming successful phytochemical-mediated synthesis of CaO nanoparticles (CaO-NPs). The methods employed to evaluate antioxidant activity were 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and the scavenging activities of nitric oxide (NO). The anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated using bovine serum albumin (BSA), egg albumin (EA), and membrane stabilization assays (MSA). The antioxidant properties were comparable to standard ascorbic acid. N. sativa–mediated CaO-NPs displayed strong antioxidant effects, with dose-dependent inhibition (10–50 µg/mL) across DPPH (62–87%), H₂O₂ (50–85%), FRAP (65–80%), ABTS (62–80%), and nitric oxide (70–77%) assays. Likewise, the BSA assay, EA assay, and MSA that helped evaluate anti-inflammatory activity showed results that were comparable to the standard usually used, i.e., diclofenac sodium. N. sativa–mediated CaO-NPs exhibited notable anti-inflammatory activity, showing dose-dependent inhibition in BSA (48–75%), EA (50–75%), and MSA (48–75%) assays at 10–50 µg/mL concentrations. The toxicity of the compound of interest was assessed using Artemia nauplii by exposing them to Nigella sativa-mediated calcium oxide nanoparticles (N. sativa CaO-NPs) for 2 days, and it was found that the compound was not toxic at the specified concentrations (10–50 µg/mL). The study highlights the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro of Nigella sativa-mediated calcium oxide nanoparticles. These findings suggest that N. sativa-mediated CaO-NPs could serve as a promising multifunctional agent in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for managing oxidative stress and inflammation-associated diseases. Green-synthesized CaO nanoparticles provide a promising platform for enhancing targeted delivery and economically viable therapeutic approaches. Future in vivo studies should be conducted to confirm their therapeutic potential in animal models and to translate this knowledge into the development of topical gels, creams, or oral formulations for clinical applications.